history of speculation—in this respect resembling Des Cartes, Malebranche, Locke, and Hume. His own collection of books was small, but he was accustomed to receive works in sheets from his publishers, and to read all the new catalogues. The furniture and general style of his house was of the simplest kind, and displayed the magnanimous independence of fashion and appearance which might be expected from his unselfish and stoical character. His life was a culture of reason and will, more than feeling, in which he was relatively deficient. His devotional sensibilities were probably feeble, and he seldom encouraged them by attendance at any public religious service. His love for truth and honesty, and his philosophical independence, have been hardly equalled by the best and greatest men. For well-nigh eighty years this grand old German followed out, under the light of reason and conscience, the life of intellectual toil and conquest he had described for himself; never in all these years travelling more than forty miles from his own Königsberg, while his thinking there, even in his lifetime, and still more since his death, manifested its power in the great modifications of opinion which it has produced in every part of the civilized world.—A. C. F.
KANTEMIR, Antiochus Dmitrijvitch, Prince, was born at Constantinople on the 10th September, 1708. Son of the hospodar of Moldavia, he was first educated at Kharkov then at Moscow. In 1722 he went with his father to the Persian war, and afterwards resumed his studies at St. Petersburg. In 1731 he was appointed resident at the court of Britain. Later his rank was raised to that of ambassador, and in 1738 he went in that capacity to Paris. He died in Paris in 1774. In diplomacy he had not neglected his scholarship, and wrote many satires esteemed for originality and force. He also translated Horace, Fontenelle's Plurality of Worlds, Montesquieu's Persian Letters, and some of the classics.—P. E. D.
KAPELLER, Joseph Anton, a celebrated Austrian painter and engraver, was born at Imst in the Tyrol in 1760, and educated at Vienna. In 1787 he went at the invitation of Prince Jablonowsky to Warsaw, where he remained till the capture of that city in 1794, when he settled in Vienna; practised painting in oil, crayons, and miniature, as well as engraving; and in conjunction with Holer founded an artistic establishment, at which many superior works were produced, and in which H. Rahl and other excellent engravers were trained. In 1802 he removed to the neighbourhood of Gratz, where he died in 1806. Out of Austria, Kapeller is best known by his engravings of Tyrolese scenery and costumes, but he has the reputation of being a good designer and colourist.—J. T—e.
KAPNIST, Vasili Vasilievitch, a Russian poet, born in 1758, and died in 1824. He wrote a number of lyric poems, which were published in 1806 at St. Petersburg. In 1799 he wrote a comedy entitled "Iabeda," that is, quibbling or cavilling; and in 1815 a tragedy called "Antigone."—B. H. C.
* KARAJAN, Theodor Georg von, a German antiquary and litterateur, was born of Greek parents at Vienna, 22d January, 1810. He studied at Vienna, was a member of the Frankfort national assembly, and in 1850 was appointed professor of German in the Vienna university, which office he was, however, obliged to resign as not belonging to the Roman catholic church. He has edited a number of old German poems, and published several treatises on subjects connected with German literary history.—K. E.
* KARAJICH, KARADJICH, or KARADSCHITSCH, Vuk Stephanovitch, an eminent Servian miscellaneous writer, and collector of the ballads of his nation, was born in 1787 in Turkish Servia. He was originally called simply Vuk Stephanovitch, which signifies Wolf the son of Stephen; but the name of Karajich has been since added. As he resided near the Austrian frontier, he was sent to a school for separatists from the Greek church at Carlowitz on the south bank of the Danube, whence he removed to Vienna, where he attended the university and, because he was physically incapacitated for business, devoted himself to literature. In 1804 commenced the long insurrection of his compatriots against the Turkish government, in which he took part by acting as secretary to some of the national leaders; and he was employed in a similar capacity by the senate of Belgrade and Prince George Kara till 1813, when he had to take refuge in Austria. The learned Kopitar advised him to undertake a collection of Servian ballads, which, although little known, had excited the enthusiasm of such men as Herder and Göthe. Karajich followed the recommendation, and published his first work at Vienna in 1814-15, in 2 vols. It met with a warm reception, and the learned were astonished and delighted with it. The "Narodne Srpske Pjesme," or Servian popular songs, was afterwards republished in 4 vols., Leipsic and Vienna, 1823-33, and a third edition yet more complete appeared at Vienna in 1841-46. In collecting materials for this curious work Karajich displayed great zeal and energy, and travelled extensively to make inquiries. Although many of the pieces are of modern origin, the compilation is none the less valued on that account, and it has been partly translated into several languages. Thus, in 1832, Madame Jacob (since Robinson) published a selection in German, with a historical introduction, under the nom de plume of Talvj; other versions in German have been made by Kapper, Gerhard, &c. In 1827 Sir John Bowring published in English a portion of them. In 1834 Madame Voiart produced some of them in French. Mr. Owen Meredith has recently published a volume of national songs of Servia, which he says he has gathered on their native soil, but which are all in Karajich's collection. Karajich has published various other works, including a Servian grammar, a dictionary, a collection of proverbs, and a Servian version of the New Testament. His literary labours have won for him deserved reputation, and a pension from the Russian government.—B. H. C.
KARAMSIN, Nikolai Mikhaelovitch, the celebrated author of the "History of the Russian Empire," was born in 1765 in the province of Orenburg, and received his education at a school in Moscow. In 1782 he entered the military service, in which he remained only about two years; and in 1784, on the death of his father, he removed first to Simbirsk, where he is commonly supposed to have been born, and then to Moscow, where he got introduced to literary society and endeavoured to make up for the deficiencies of his early education. In 1789 he set out on a journey which occupied him two years, and in the course of which he visited central and western Europe, including England. Of this journey he published an account in his "Letters of a Travelling Russian," which has appeared in English. As soon as he returned to Moscow he started a journal called the Journal of Moscow, in which he introduced some important reforms in the Russian language. This was followed in 1794 by a review called Aglæ, in 1797 by a Poetical Almanac, in 1798 by the Pantheon of Foreign Literature, and in 1802 by the European Messenger. In 1801 he wrote a historical eulogy of Catherine II. His labours for the periodical press included a large number of translations and poetical pieces; but he won for himself his great reputation by the "History of the Russian Empire." This work was commenced about 1803, and about the same time Karamsin was appointed historian to the emperor. The first eight volumes required twelve years for their production; and when they were presented to the Emperor Alexander, the author received, among other marks of favour, the appointment of councillor of state, and admission to the confidence and intimate acquaintance of his master. From that time he wrote nothing without first consulting Alexander, whose death in 1825 overwhelmed him with affliction, and apparently paralyzed his powers and shortened his days, for he died in 1826. He never completed his history; the eleventh volume, which was the last, appeared in 1824. Upon this work, which comes down to 1611, he must have bestowed enormous labour; and its success was instant and universal. It is equally commended for its multifarious information, its accuracy, its impartiality, and its style. Translations of it were made into Italian, German, and French A twelfth volume was left unfinished, and its completion undertaken by Von Bludow. A German continuation was executed by Oertel.—B. H. C.
KARLSTADT. See Carolostadt.
KARNKOWSKI, KARNCOV, CZERNKOWSKI, or CERNECOVIUS, Stanislaus, an eminent Polish prelate, born in 1525. In 1563 he became bishop of Wladislaw, where he undertook to reform the discipline of the church, and was distinguished by his efforts in favour of religious toleration. In 1581 he was elected archbishop of Gnesen, and continued to take an active part in religious and political matters till his death in 1603. He wrote "Constitutiones synodales diœcesanæ;" "Sermones ad parochos;" "Panegyrici;" "Historia Interregui;" "De jure provinciali Prussiæ," and other works. He was a man of great learning and industry; and some of his historical publications are still valued.—B. H. C.
KAROLI, Jasper, the author of the Hungarian protestant
