1847. While performing these varied duties, he found time for the composition of several works, political and literary. Fresh from the labours of the Irish commission, he published in 1836 a disquisition on "Local Disturbances in Ireland, and the Irish Church Question." In 1839-40 appeared two philological works, though of very different kinds, one a "Glossary of Herefordshire Provincial Words," elucidating the linguistic peculiarities of the county which he afterwards represented in parliament; the other, a learned "Essay on the Origin and Formation of the Romance Languages," in which he examined M. Raynouard's theory on the relation of Italian, Spanish, Provençal, and French to Latin. In 1841 he returned to politics or political philosophy, and published an "Essay on the Government of Dependencies." Entering parliament on whig principles at the general election after the repeal of the corn laws in July, 1847, he was appointed in the following November secretary to the board of control—an office which he exchanged in May, 1848, for the under-secretaryship of the home department. There he remained until July, 1850, when he became financial secretary to the treasury, going out of office with his friends on the accession of Lord Derby to power early in 1852. Meanwhile he had published two elaborate and argumentative works; the one, "An Essay on the Influence of Authority in matters of Opinion," 1849, the results of which may be summed up in his own words, "The most important general formula which appears deducible from this inquiry, is that one of the main elements of civilization is well-placed confidence." The other was "A Treatise on the Methods of Observation and Reasoning in Politics," the aim of which was not to establish any political doctrine, but to show the methods by which sound political reasoning should be conducted. From July, 1852, to February, 1855, Sir G. C. Lewis was not only out of office, but out of parliament; having been defeated as a candidate for the representation of Herefordshire in the former month, and for that of Peterborough in the November following. In the meantime he became editor of the Edinburgh Review—succeeding in that high literary post the late Professor Empson—and had elaborated his learned work, "An Inquiry into the Credibility of the Early Roman History," in which, impugning the reconstructive system of Niebuhr, he sought to disprove the credibility of the Roman history for the first four hundred and seventy-three years of the city. Re-entering parliament in March, 1855, as member for the Radnor district of boroughs, which he represented till his death, he resigned the editorship of the Edinburgh Review on being then appointed chancellor of the exchequer. On the resignation of Lord Derby's second ministry, Sir G. C. Lewis was appointed home secretary. Among the changes consequent on the death of Lord Herbert, Sir G. C. Lewis quitted the home office in the autumn of 1861, and became secretary of state for the war department. His latest work, published in 1859, after the defeat of Lord Palmerston's government on the conspiracy bill, is a pamphlet entitled "Our Foreign Jurisdiction, and the Extradition of Criminals." It is chiefly a collection of facts suggestive of further inquiry, and was written, the author is careful to explain, on his own "exclusive responsibility," and previously to the introduction of the conspiracy bill. Besides being the author of the original works already mentioned, he translated, along with Mr. Tufnell. Karl Ottfried Muller's Account of the Dorians (first edition, 1830; second edition, 1839), and vol. i. of the same author's History of Greek Literature, published by the Useful Knowledge Society in 1840. Sir G. C. Lewis succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his father in 1855, and married in 1844 Lady Maria Theresa, sister of the present earl of Clarendon, and widow of the late Mr. Lister, the author of Granby and other novels, and biographer of Lord Clarendon. Lady Theresa Lewis published several novels, and an interesting contribution to biography, "The Friends and Contemporaries of Lord Clarendon," her celebrated ancestor. She died on the 9th of November, 1865.—F. E.
LEWIS, John, an English clergyman eminent as an archæological and theological writer, was a native of Bristol, where he was born in 1675. The death of his father led to his early removal to Poole, where he commenced his studies, which he completed at Exeter college, Oxford. Having entered into orders, he was appointed rector of Acrise, near Folkestone, and afterwards Archbishop Tenison gave him the living of Hawkinge in the same locality. He was subsequently incumbent of Margate; vicar of Minster, near Ramsgate; and master of Eastbridge hospital, Canterbury. He owed most of his preferments to Tenison, whose principles he supported, and he acquired considerable reputation by the share he took in the ecclesiastical controversies of the day. He edited the Church Catechism for schools at the request of the Society for promoting Christian Knowledge; wrote an "Apology for the Clergy of the Church of England," in which he handled roughly some portions of Calamy's Nonconformists; and other theological works came from his pen. But he is best remembered for the "History of John Wycliffe," and an edition of his New Testament, with a "Complete history of the several translations of the Holy Bible and New Testament into English," which was afterwards published separately, and is still a useful work; a "History and Antiquities of Thanet;" a "History and Antiquities of the Abbey Church of Faversham;" a "Life of Caxton," and a "Life of Bishop Peacocke." Lewis died at Margate in 1746.—B. H. C.
* LEWIS, John Frederick, A.R.A., was born in London, 14th July, 1805. His teacher in art was his father, Mr. F. C. Lewis, a landscape painter and engraver of considerable ability Mr. J. F. Lewis first became known by drawings and engravings from his studies of wild animals made in Exeter Change. His early pictures were chiefly "Deer Shooting," and sporting scenes. The development of his style dates from a rather prolonged visit to Italy and Spain, &c., 1832; during which he made careful copies from the works of the great painters, and numerous sketches of the scenery, buildings, and inhabitants of those countries. The results of these studies appeared in the exhibition in 1835 and following years, of a succession of paintings in water colours of scenes of Spanish life; such as various circumstances connected with the bull fights at Seville, "The Suburbs of a Spanish City on the day of a Bull Fight," a "Fiesta in the South of Spain," and the like: also, "A Christino Spy brought before Zumalacarregui," "Pillage of a Convent," and other incidents of the Carlist rebellion. So vigorous and truthful a rendering of Spanish life and character was a novelty in English art, and the pictures were very attractive. The "Zumalacarregui," and "The Suburbs of a Spanish City" were engraved on a large scale. Mr. Lewis also published, in 1835, a series of facsimile lithographs of his "Sketches of the Alhambra," and in 1837 twenty-five "Spanish Sketches," the drawings being made by himself on the stone. In 1837 Mr. Lewis went to Rome, where he executed a large painting of "The Pope Blessing the People." After staying two years in Italy he proceeded to Constantinople. During a residence of ten years in the East, Cairo being his head-quarters, Mr. Lewis accumulated a mass of artistic material, which has served as the basis of his subsequent labours. Further, he now adopted an entire change of style. Instead of the broad and vigorous handling which characterized his previous pictures, he now finished with extreme minuteness, elaborating alike the accessories and the principal features of his pictures. He also changed his system of colour, and in fact assumed what the Germans would call a new stand-point as a painter. This change was least evident in the first of his Eastern subjects, "The Hhareem," exhibited at the Water Colour Gallery in 1850; it was fully developed in his great picture "A Frank Encampment in the Desert of Mount Sinai," and other works exhibited in 1854-56. The high character of these works was acknowledged on all hands, and on the death of Mr. Copley Fielding in 1855, Mr. Lewis received the greatest professional distinction attainable by a water-colour painter, in being elected president of the Society of Painters in Water Colours. But he was now becoming ambitious of succeeding as a painter in oil, and in 1855 and following years he contributed various oil paintings of street scenes in Cairo, and other Eastern subjects, to the exhibition of the Royal Academy, and eventually announced himself as a candidate for admission into that body. Having resigned his connection with the Society of Painters in Water Colours, Mr. Lewis was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1859. In 1853 the Scottish Academy purchased Mr. Lewis' admirable copies, sixty-three in number, of paintings by Italian and Spanish masters. He was at the same time elected honorary member of the Academy. Mr. Lewis' latest pictures (1861) are a "Bedouin Sheikh," and "Edfou, Upper Egypt."—J. T—e.
LEWIS, Matthew Gregory, familiarly called Monk Lewis, from his chief literary production, the novel of "The Monk," was born at London on the 9th of July, 1775. He was intended by his father, who was deputy-secretary of war, for the diplomatic profession, in which a knowledge of modern languages is
