these, with the traditionary tales and ballads of Teviotdale, contributed to form that romantic and eccentric disposition which characterized Leyden through life, and to produce that intense love of his native land which breathes through all his writings and all his proceedings, and imparts to his poetry its most attractive charms. He entered the university of Edinburgh in November, 1790, where he astonished his teachers and fellow-students, alike by his peculiarities of language and manners, and by his vast attainments. The progress which he made in almost all the branches of science within his reach, was perfectly marvellous. Besides the classical languages, he acquired a knowledge of French, Spanish, Italian, and German, and made considerable progress in Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, and the ancient Icelandic. He applied himself with great ardour to the study of moral philosophy, and made at least respectable progress in mathematics, natural philosophy, natural history, chemistry, botany, and mineralogy. He became a prominent member of several debating societies, in one of which he contracted an intimacy with Henry Brougham, Thomas Brown, and Francis Horner, and soon after became the intimate friend of Thomas Campbell. In 1796 he was appointed tutor to the two sons of Campbell of Fairfield, and accompanied them to St. Andrews, where he attended the lectures of the learned Dr. John Hunter and of Principal Hill, and formed the acquaintance of Dr. Chalmers and Lord Campbell. On his return to Edinburgh he was introduced to Richard Heber, the celebrated bibliomaniac, through whom he became intimate with Henry Mackenzie, Sidney Smith, Sir Walter Scott, and other distinguished contemporaries. In 1798 he was licensed by the presbytery of St. Andrews as a preacher in connection with the Established Church, but his peculiarities of voice and manner prevented his attaining any great measure of popularity. He engaged in various literary undertakings; contributed numerous articles to the Scot's Magazine, of which he was for a short time the editor; wrote a number of poems; and gave his friend Scott most valuable assistance in the preparation of his Border Minstrelsy. In 1802 he received the appointment of assistant-surgeon in the East India Company's service, and in the short space of six months, by intense application and almost incredible labour, qualified himself for a surgeon's degree. Immediately before his departure for India he published his beautiful poem, the "Scenes of Infancy." In 1803 he arrived at Madras; but his health suffered so much from his labours that he was obliged to remove to the Prince of Wales Island, where he spent upwards of two years in the study of the languages and literature of the East, and made himself master of the Hindustani, Malay, and many other kindred tongues. On the restoration of his health he went to Calcutta in 1806, and was appointed a professor in the Bengal college. He was shortly after promoted to the office of judge of the twenty-four Pargunnahs of Calcutta. In 1809 he was appointed one of the commissioners of the court of requests in Calcutta, and in the following year he resigned this office and obtained the more lucrative situation of assay master of the mint. He accompanied Lord Minto in the expedition against Java in 1811, and died of fever soon after landing on that island (21st August), in the thirty-sixth year of his age. Leyden's industry, perseverance, and enthusiasm were as remarkable as his marvellous attainments. He was temperate in his habits, almost to abstinence, and of a most unselfish and amiable disposition. In spite of a few ludicrous foibles, he was warmly beloved by his friends, and his premature death was deeply and widely deplored. Sir Walter Scott paid a beautiful and touching tribute to his memory in his Lord of the Isles, and wrote a brief memoir of him for the Edinburgh Annual Register. Lord Cockburn also has given a graphic portrait of Leyden's personal appearance and character in his Memorials of his Time. Leyden's poems were collected and published after his death in one volume by the Rev. James Morton. He was the author of a "Historical and Philosophical Sketch of the Discoveries and Settlements of the Europeans in Northern and Western Africa," &c. He also translated the Commentaries of Baber from the Turkish language, and edited a volume of Scottish Descriptive Poems, and an ancient prose work in the Scottish language entitled The Complaynt of Scotland.—J. T.
LEYDEN, Lucas van, a very celebrated Dutch engraver and painter, was born at Leyden in 1494. He was placed by his father, Hugh Jacobze, who taught him the rudiments of his art, with Cornelis Engelbrechtsen. Lucas was exceedingly precocious, both as painter and engraver. A citizen of Leyden gave him twelve gold pieces for a picture in 1506, one for each year of the boy's age; and his early engravings are still valued by collectors as great rarities, though in all about two hundred prints by this master are known. His pictures are very scarce. He evidently devoted comparatively little time to painting. The galleries of Vienna, Berlin, Dresden, and Munich contain a few good specimens. His own portrait is in the Berlin gallery, another portrait of him is in the Liverpool institution; it was exhibited at Manchester, as were also a very curious and interesting picture of "A Card Party," belonging to the earl of Pembroke, and a fine example of St. Jerome, belonging to Mr. D. Hodgson. At Devonshire house there is "A man having a tooth drawn, and a woman picking his pocket;" this was engraved by Lucas himself in 1523. Perhaps his most remarkable work is the picture of the "Last Judgment," still in the town-house of Leyden, which is conspicuous for all his merits of execution and all his defects of taste—which latter were, however, as much defects of the art of the time as of Lucas. His pictures are among the best works of his time and country, and notwithstanding their angular Gothic forms and formal arrangement, they are beautiful in colour, earnest and expressive, and executed with remarkable care in aerial perspective; in effects of colour they are before their time. Bartsch in his Peintre Graveur describes one hundred and seventy-four prints by Lucas; they are well executed, and were known to the Italians in his own time. Vasari praises the prints of Luca d'Ollanda, as he was called in Italy. One of these, known as Eulenspiegel, engraved in 1520, is supposed to be the rarest engraving in existence: it has, however, been often copied. It represents a bagpiper and his family preceded by a small figure in a cowl, with an owl on his shoulder; and this is Eulenspiegel, a notorious clown and jester of the fourteenth century. When Albert Durer was in the Netherlands in 1521, he visited Lucas at Antwerp, and has the following entry in his diary about him:—"I was invited to dinner by Master Lucas, who engraves on copper; he is a little man, and a native of Leyden." Lucas was well-to-do in the world, and was extravagant and given to pleasure. He once fitted up a little yacht and taking Mabuse as a companion made a tour, feasting the artists of the various towns he visited; but he injured his health by this dissipation, and passed the last few years of his life in the sick-room. He died in 1533 at the early age of thirty-nine.—(Van Mander, Het Leven der Schilders.)—R. N. W.
LEYNEZ, LAYNEZ, or LAINEZ, Jacobus, a Spaniard, one of the earliest disciples of Loyola, the second general of the jesuits, and reckoned one of the founders of the order, to the establishment of which he greatly contributed. He distinguished himself by the active part he took at the council of Trent. In 1561 he went to the famous colloquy of Poissy, where he opposed Beza and Peter Martyr. He refused a cardinal's hat offered him by Paul IV., and in other ways showed remarkable prudence and self-control. He died in 1565 at the age of fifty-three, according to Moreri. He wrote various treatises on theological and church questions. Some say he wrote the Constitutions of the Jesuits and the Declarations upon them; but this is doubtful.—B. H. C.
L'HÔPITAL or L'HOSPITAL, Guillaume-François-Antoine de, Marquis de Sainte-Mesme and Comte d'Entremont, a celebrated French mathematician, was born at Paris in 1661, and died on the 2nd of February, 1704. Being the son of an officer of high rank, he entered the army at an early age, but soon quitted it, being disabled from military duty by his extreme shortness of sight. He studied mathematics with extraordinary zeal and success from his boyhood. On the arrival of John Bernoulli in France in 1692, L'Hôpital invited that illustrious mathematician to his country seat, and there passed four months in learning from him the principles of the infinitesimal calculus (which Leibnitz had but a few years before invented contemporaneously with Newton's method of fluxions). L'Hôpital continued during the rest of his life to give frequent proofs of his skill in the use of the new calculus, by solving many of the most difficult of the problems which the mathematicians of that day were in the habit of proposing to each other by way of challenge; and in particular, he was one of the four who solved the problem proposed by John Bernoulli in 1696, to find the line of quickest descent from one point to another not directly below it—the other three having been James Bernoulli, Leibnitz, and Newton. In the same year he published the earliest systematic treatise on the differential calculus, "Analyse des Infiniment
