or Padua, 59 b.c. Under Augustus he came to Rome, where he spent the greater part of his life; but returned to his native place before his death, a.d. 18, in the reign of Tiberius. He enjoyed the friendship and protection of Augustus, and attained to great eminence in his lifetime. Nothing is known of his affairs, except that he was married, and had two sons at least. A costly monument was erected to his memory in Padua in the fifteenth century. But his best monument is his history of Rome, beginning with the foundation of the city, and terminating with the death of Drusus, 9 b.c., a work on which he spent twenty years. It consisted originally of one hundred and forty-two books. These were subsequently divided into decades, or groups of ten books each. Only thirty-five books are now extant, viz., the first ten, and from 21—45 inclusive. There are, however, summaries or epitomes of all except two. The compiler of these is unknown; though they are often ascribed to Florus, sometimes to Livy himself. The first decade (books i.—x.) is entire, reaching from the foundation of the city till 294 b.c. The second (xi.—xx.) is lost, from 294 to 219 b.c. The third (xxi.—xxx.) is entire, from 219 to 201. b.c. The fourth is also entire (xxxi.—xl.) and with part of the fifth (xli.—xlv.), reaches from 201 to 167 b.c. Only fragments of the remaining books have been discovered. The endeavours of scholars and antiquarians to find lost books or fragments have hitherto been successful only in part. It is difficult to ascertain the sources which Livy made use of in his history. They were probably not numerous, nor did he weigh them very strictly. The charm of the history consists in its style, which is uniformly pure, elegant, and transparent. It is not, however, a philosophical history. The author had little political insight, and did not sift his sources critically, nor weigh their merits. The best editions are those of Drakenborch, 1730-40, reprinted 1820-28; and of Alschefski, 1841, &c., Berlin. The best German translation is that of Ortel, 1854, third edition; the best English one is that of Holland, 1600, folio.—(See Lachmann's treatise in two parts—De fontibus historiarum T. Livii, Göttingen, 1822-28; and Alschefski's Über die kritische Behandlung des L. Berlin, 1839 )—S. D.
LLEWELYN, Thomas, LL.D., was the learned author of a historical account of the different editions and versions of the British or Welsh Bible, with critical remarks on the British tongue and its connection with other languages, London, 1768. Dr. Llewelyn died in 1796.—R. H.
LLORENTE, Don Juan Antonio, a Spanish writer, born at Rincon del Solo in Arragon, 30th March, 1756. After studying at Tarragona, he became a clergyman in 1770. In 1779 he became priest and doctor of canonical law. In 1782 he was appointed vicar-general of the bishopric of Calahorra. In 1785 he was chosen commissary to the inquisition, and in 1789 secretary. But in 1791 he was sent back to his diocese as an alleged advocate of French revolutionary principles. After Don Manuel Abad la Sierra became head-inquisitor, Llorente was employed in working out a plan for reforming the holy tribunal, which he laid before Jovellanos, minister of justice, after Abad la Sierra's fall. Jovellanos supported the project, which had for its aim the rendering public the procedure of the inquisition tribunal. But the proposal was frustrated by the downfall of the minister of justice. Soon after Llorente fell under suspicion, was deposed, and sent to a monastery for a month. In 1805 he was recalled, and promoted to several high offices in Madrid, chiefly as a reward for writing a historical work in three volumes intended to explain and justify the centralizing measures of the minister Godoy, that robbed the old Basque provinces of their liberties. In 1808 he went to Bayonne by order of Murat, where he took part in the project of drawing up a new constitution for Spain. For this reason he was persecuted by the ultras, and banished, after Joseph lost the Spanish crown. His property, part of which was a large library, was confiscated. After a short sojourn in London he settled in Paris, and completed a work, the first sketch of which he had before published in Spain, viz., "A Critical History of the Inquisition," 4 vols. 8vo. Even in Paris, however, he was persecuted most unjustly. In 1822 he published "Portraits politiques des Papes," which excited the hatred of the catholic clergy against him to such a pitch that he was ordered in the beginning of December, 1822, to leave Paris in three days, and France without delay. Soon after arriving at Madrid he died from the fatigues of the journey, 5th February, 1823. His "History of the Inquisition" is a compilation, but it has the merit of credibility. He published his "Autobiography" in 1818.—S. D.
LLOYD, Bartholomew, D.D., provost of Trinity college, Dublin, was born on the 5th of February, 1772, at New Ross in the county of Wexford. He lost his father in childhood, and his mother before his fourteenth year, and was left to struggle into life with little aid save that of an uncle who placed him at the school of the Rev. Robert Alexander, of Ross. In 1787 he entered Trinity college as a pensioner. His talents and industry were rewarded by the first scholarship in 1790; and in 1796 he obtained a fellowship. In the midst of the engrossing and laborious duties of a college tutor, he continued to devote much time to the pursuit of mathematics, and his reputation was such that he was appointed to fill the chair of mathematics in 1813, while yet a junior fellow. He now commenced the career of academic reform which terminated only with his life. His acute and comprehensive intellect had long recognized the superlative value of the analytic method which the continental mathematicians were carrying to such exquisite perfection, and he compiled a course of lectures to introduce the French mathematicians to his college about the same time that Woodhouse was effecting a similar reform at Cambridge, and drew up a treatise upon analytic geometry, which became the great class-book of the college. In 1822 Lloyd was promoted to the chair of natural philosophy, and shortly after contributed to the progress of physical science his well-known treatise on mechanical philosophy, which was pronounced in England to be the most considerable work of the day. On the promotion of Dr. Kyle to the episcopal bench in 1831, Dr. Lloyd was elevated to the provostship, and he at once applied himself to work out those great and decisive collegiate reforms with which his name is inseparably connected, and in which he was efficiently employed till almost the hour of his death, which took place on the 24th of November, 1851. The university showed her sense of her deep obligations to him by instituting exhibitions which bear his name.—J. F. W.
LLOYD, David, biographer and miscellaneous writer, was born at Pont Mawr in Merionethshire in September, 1625. He received his later education at Oxford and went into the church, where he filled with credit various preferments, and died at his native place in February, 1691. His two chief works are—"State Worthies, or the statesmen and favourites of England from the Reformation to the Revolution," first published in 1665, and of which Sir Charles Whitworth issued an enlarged edition in 1776; "Memoirs of the Lives, Actions, Sufferings, and Deaths, of persons loyal to the Stuart Cause, from 1637 to the year 1666." The latter work appeared in 1668.—F. E.
LLOYD, Henry, a notable writer on military subjects, seems to have been born in Wales about 1720. He received a liberal education and was intended for the church, but had been for some time a lawyer, when he went into France in the hope of entering the French army. He was unable to procure a commission, and became a monk. In 1744, the Mr. Drummond who was afterwards his biographer, being a cadet in the French engineers, made his acquaintance and took lessons from him. He accompanied Mr. Drummond to the battle of Fontenoy, and his military drawings made on that occasion attracting attention, he was afterwards employed in the French army as an assistant draughtsman, with the rank of a sub-ensign. Soon after Fontenoy he entered the service of the Pretender with the rank of a captain, and accompanied Prince Charles to Carlisle. He then carefully examined the coast of England from Milford-Haven round to Margate, and his object being suspected, was arrested. Released in 1747, he accompanied Mr. Drummond to France, distinguished himself at Bergen-op-Zoom, and entered the service of Prussia. He was again in Paris in 1754, and was employed on a spy-mission to explore the coast of England once more, with a view to the invasion of this country meditated by France. His report led to the abandonment of the scheme. He afterwards went to Germany, entered the service both of Austria and Russia, and returning to London in 1776 with the rank of general, made his peace with the English government, and obtained a pension. He retired to Huy in Flanders, where he died on the 19th of June, 1783. His chief works are—"The History of the late War in Germany between the King of Prussia and the Empress of Germany;" a "Treatise on the Composition of Different Armies, Ancient and Modern," a copy of the French translation of which, Memoires Politiques et Militaires, anno-
