He then settled as physician at Antwerp, and afterwards at Delft. He was chosen physician to William, prince of Orange. He subsequently came to England, and published his "Adversaria Stirpium" at London in 1570. In this work he investigates the botany and materia medica of the ancients, and particularly of Dioscorides. He attended Lord Zouch in his embassy to the court of Denmark. This tour enabled him to collect many plants which he introduced into England. He superintended a physic-garden at Hackney, and he was appointed botanist to King James I. In his arrangement of plants he adopted a rude, natural method. He travelled much over England, and added many new plants to its Hora. In the second part of his "Adversaria" he enumerates one hundred and thirty species of grasses known to him, and he gives figures and descriptions of some new and rare kinds. In 1576 he published in folio, "Observationes; sive stirpium historiæ, &c., cum iconibus." This volume contains one thousand four hundred and eighty-six figures, which were afterwards augmented to two thousand one hundred and ninety-one. In some editions there is an index in seven languages. A genus, Lobelia, was named after him by Willdenow.—J. H. B.
LOBINEAU, Guy Alexis, a French historian, born at Rennes in 1666; died 3rd June, 1727. He entered the benedictine order, and devoted his life to history. His principal works are a history of Bretagne, from origin il documents; a history of the two conquests of Spain by the Moors; a continuation of Felibien's History of Paris; and a history of Nantes.—P. E. D.
LOBKOWTTZ. See Caramuel de Lobkovitch.
LOBO, Francisco Rodriguez, a Portuguese writer in prose and verse, lived chiefly on his estate at Coimbra, and was drowned in the Tagus in 1629, or somewhat later. His chief distinction is that of having introduced into Portugal a classical prose style, in a work entitled "The Court in the Country, or Winter Nights,". He also wrote several pastoral romances, and an epic poem celebrating the rise of the dynasty of Aviz.—F. M. W.
LOBO, Jeronimo, a Portuguese missionary traveller, was born at Lisbon in 1596, son of the governor of the Cape Verde islands. He was educated a jesuit, and destined for the jesuit missions in the far East. Quitting Portugal in 1622 he reached Goa, whence he was transferred in 1621 to strengthen the jesuit mission in Abyssinia, when the Emperor Seged was converted to Roman Catholicism. After labouring in Abyssinia he was forced to leave it, when Seged's son succeeded in procuring a persecution of the Roman catholic missionaries. After a fourteen years' absence from home he returned to Lisbon in 1637, and advocated the cause of the Abyssinian mission at the courts of Rome and Madrid. He returned once more to Goa in 1640, but finally settled in his native country, where he was made rector of the college of Coimbra, and died in January, 1678. His MS. itinerary has formed the basis of several works descriptive of Abyssinia, which go under his name. Among them is the French work. Relation Historique d'Abyssinie, edited and translated, with original dissertations, by the Abbé Le Grand. Besides its intrinsic it possesses the extrinsic interest of having furnished Samuel Johnson with the material for his first prose work, which is an abridged translation of it—A Voyage to Abyssinia, by Father Jerome Lobo, with a continuation of the history of Abyssinia, by M. Le Grand; London, 1735.—F. E.
LOCCENIUS, John, a German author, born in 1597; died 27th July, 1677. He studied at Leyden, and became professor at Upsal, and historian of Sweden. He wrote on Swedish history, antiquities, language, and laws.—P. E. D.
LOCK, Matthew, the composer, was born at Exeter and brought up as a chorister in the cathedral of that city. We have no particulars of his life earlier than the year 1653, when he composed the music to Shirley's masque of Cupid and Death. He was next employed to compose the music for the public entry of Charles II. at the Restoration, and was soon afterwards appointed composer-in-ordinary to the king. Some of his compositions appear in Playfair's Musical Companion, and among others the three-part glee, "Ne'er trouble thyself about times or their turning," a simple and pleasing production. In the latter part of his life he became a Roman catholic, and was appointed organist to Queen Catherine of Portugal, the consort of Charles II., who was permitted the exercise of her religion and had a chapel with a regular establishment at Somerset House. Lock died in 1677. The music of the English stage Owes much to the genius of this musician. When musical dramas were first attempted—which Dryden styles "heroic plays" and "dramatic operas"—Lock was employed to set several of them. The first of these, the Tempest, was given to the public in 1673, and in the same year. Psyche. The last was a close imitation of a musical drama written in French by Moliere, and set by Lully, 1672, in the manner of the Italian operas, by which Cardinal Mazarin amused Louis XIV. during his minority. Lock's music to Psyche is a mere paraphrase of that of Lully. It was printed in score in 1675, with the following title, "The English Opera; or the vocal music in Psyche, with the instrumental therein intermixed. To which is adjoined the instrumental music in the Tempest. By Matthew Lock, composer-in-ordinary to his Majesty, and organist to the Queen." This publication is dedicated to James, duke of Monmouth. There is a preface of some length by the composer, which, like his music is rough and nervous, exactly corresponding to the idea which one is led to form of his private character by the sight of his portrait in the music-school at Oxford. It is written with that petulance which seems to have been natural to him, and which probably gave birth to his well-known quarrel with Thomas Salmon, and to several others in which he was involved. The musical world is indebted to Lock for the first rules ever published in England for thorough-bass, in a book entitled "Melothesia," 1673. It is dedicated to Roger L'Estrange, Esq.—afterwards Sir Roger—himself a good judge of music, and of an ancient Norfolk family which always cultivated and encouraged the art in an eminent degree. This work, besides the rules for accompaniment, contains lessons for the harpsichord and organ, by himself and other masters. Lock was also the author of many songs published in the Theatre of Music, the Treasury of Music, and other collections of that period. In the Theatre of Music is a dialogue or duet, "When Death shall part us from these Kids," which was ranked amongst the best vocal compositions of the time. The "rude and wild excellence" of his music to Macbeth is a constant theme of admiration by musical critics and historians. But unfortunately Lock's music is lost. That so popularly known and for which he gets credit, is the composition of Richard Leveridge, thirty years later.—E. F. R.
LOCKE, John, the philosopher of the Revolution of 1688, father of modern inductive psychology, and the Socrates of England, was born at Wrington, a village in Somersetshire, in August, 1632, six years after the death of Bacon, and three months before the birth of Spinoza. "Educated," says Sir James Mackintosh, "among the English dissenters during the short period of their political supremacy, he early imbibed the deep piety and ardent spirit of liberty which actuated that body of men; and he probably imbibed also in their schools the disposition to metaphysical inquiries which has everywhere accompanied the Calvinistic theology." The father of Locke was descended from the Lockes of Charton Court in Dorsetshire. His wife was Anne, daughter of Edmond Ken of Wrington. He possessed a small property in the west of England, inherited by his eldest son the philosopher, was bred to the law, and was steward to Colonel Alexander Popham. He had a younger son who died of consumption in early life. On the breaking out of the civil war in 1642, the father of Locke became a captain in the army of the parliament. According to Le Clerc he carefully superintended his son's education. During his childhood he treated him with reserve, but as the young philosopher grew up he became free and familiar with him, and their later intercourse was marked by the equality of friendship. Locke retained through life the "severe morality" which characterized his early home among the puritans. It was not modified by the more liberal theology, or the broad and genial view of life, to which he was conducted by free inquiry and varied experience. About the time of the execution of Charles I. he was, by the interest of Colonel Popham, entered at Westminster school, where he continued till 1651, when he was elected to Christ Church college, Oxford, over which the puritan Dr. John Owen then presided, and where, according to Anthony Wood, he was consigned to the care of a "fanatical tutor." The new constitution of Laud had been recently promulgated in Oxford. The peripatetic philosophy in its later forms and the "vermiculate questions" of the schools still dominated in the studies of the place. Locke gained repute as an Oxford undergraduate, but often afterwards complained of the intellectual atmosphere of the university. The works of Des Cartes, then novelties in the academical world, drew him towards metaphysical philosophy. Though he did not adopt
