In order to complete his task of superseding the old Sclavonic by modern Russian as the literary language of the country, Lomonossoff composed the first Russian grammar. He was appointed to various important posts in connection with the educational establishments of Russia; and dying on the 4th of April 1765, he was buried in the convent of St. Alexander Nevsky, the Russian Pantheon. A handsome monument was erected over his grave by Count Voronzoff. A long but very imperfect list of his writings is given in Otto's History of Russian literature, translated by Cox.—R. H.
LONDONDERRY, Charles William Stewart, afterwards Vane, third marquis of—half-brother of the second marquis—was born in Dublin in May, 1778. He entered the army in 1793, served under the duke of York in Flanders, and was afterwards wounded at the battle of Donauwerth, being carried senseless from the field. He returned to Ireland and subsequently served under Sir Ralph Abercromby in Holland, and was severely wounded in the head at the outposts near Schagenburg. Colonel in 1803, he commanded a brigade of cavalry under Sir John Moore in the Peninsula, was praised as an officer by his chief, who sent him home after the retreat to Corunna to report on the state of affairs, with the character of being "one incapable of stating anything but the truth." Recovering from the attack of ophthalmia which had disabled him for the time, he returned to the Peninsula as Sir Arthur Wellesley's adjutant-general, and distinguished himself at the Douro and at Talavera. In April, 1813, he was appointed envoy-extraordinary to the court of Berlin. During the summer he acted as military commissioner to the armies of the allied sovereigns, and was specially charged with the supervision of Bernadotte, who was suspected of wavering. Since the meeting of the first parliament of the United Kingdom in 1801, he had represented the county of Londonderry in the house of commons. In June, 1814, he was raised to the peerage as Lord Stewart, and in July of the same year he was appointed ambassador at Vienna. Holding this position he was naturally one of the plenipotentiaries who represented England at the congress of Vienna. In April 1819, he married a second time. Frances Ann, only daughter and heiress of Sir Harry Vane Tempest, and assumed the name and arms of Vane. By this marriage he became the owner of vast possessions in the county of Durham, including some of the most important coal mines of the district. He exerted himself to develop the mineral and other resources of his estates and Seaham harbour, completed in 1828, is a memorial of his enterprise as an improver. He had succeeded to the marquisate in 1822 after the suicide of his brother; and in the house of lords, as out of it, he was distinguished by the fervour of his toryism. During Sir Robert Peel's brief administration of 1834-35, he was appointed ambassador to Russia; but Mr. Shell's motion on the subject in the house of commons, led him to relinquish the post before he entered upon its duties. He received the garter during Lord Derby's first administration. Lord Londonderry had been intimate with the emperor of the French during the residence of the latter in this country, and it was at the instance of his lordship chiefly that the emperor consented to liberate Abd-El-Kader. He died in London on the 6th of March, 1854. Besides editing, as already mentioned, the Correspondence of his brother (prefixing a brief memoir), Lord Londonderry had a pamphlet controversy with Lord Brougham on the character and career of the second marquis, and was the author of a contribution to our military history, the "Story of the Peninsular War," a new edition of which, with additions, appeared in 1848; of "Recollections of a Tour in the North of Europe," 1838; and of a "Steam Voyage to Constantinople in 1840-41, and to Spain and Portugal in 1839," which was published in 1842.—F. E.
LONDONDERRY, Robert Stewart, second marquis of, better known by his first title of Lord Castlereagh, long a prominent tory statesman, was born at his father's seat. Mount Stewart, in the county of Down, on the 18th of June, 1769. Educated at the grammar-school of Armagh, and at St. John's college, Cambridge, he was in youth noted for a personal intrepidity which, whatever might be his faults, he undoubtedly transferred into the arena of politics. At the university he was noted as mild, gentlemanly, and diligent. In 1789 he succeeded his father in the representation of the county of Down, and entered the Irish parliament as a supporter of parliamentary reform. He voted for some sessions with the opposition, but when Irish disaffection assumed a menacing aspect he became a supporter of the ministry, and was rewarded in 1797 (when his father being created Earl of Londonderry he himself became Viscount Castlereagh) by the appointment of keeper of the privy seal in Ireland. Since 1794 he had sat in the English parliament as member for Tregoney (1794-96), and for Oxford (1796-97), but when he received Irish office he re-entered the parliament at Dublin, representing the county of Down once more. After having been virtual chief secretary for Ireland as locum tenens of Mr. Pelham, and having acted as the organ of the government in repressing the movement of the United Irishmen, he was formally invested with the office in 1799. He played a foremost part in effecting the union with England, and in 1801 entered the first imperial parliament as member for the county of Down. In 1802 he became president of the board of control, remaining there during the administration of Mr. Addington, afterwards Lord Sidmouth. On Pitt's return to power he was appointed secretary of state for war and the colonies, an important and conspicuous position, one congenial to him moreover as a steady and implacable enemy of the first Napoleon. After the death of Mr. Pitt he of course resigned, returning to his post of secretary of state on the formation of the duke of Portland's ministry. In 1809, the year of the disastrous Walcheren expedition, occurred his duel with Canning, then foreign secretary, occasioned by his belief that Canning, while sitting with him at the council board, had been secretly attempting to oust him from the ministry. Canning was wounded, and both the duellists resigned their offices, but before the end of the year Lord Castlereagh had succeeded his antagonist as secretary for foreign affairs. He retained this office until his death. After the assassination of Mr. Percival in 1812, he was regarded as ministerial leader in the house of commons, and to the end of his career as little less than the life and soul of the British government. High tory as he was, at the congress of Vienna, where he represented Great Britain, he protested strongly against the slave trade, and in favour of a separate government for Poland; and in spite of his anti-Gallicanism, his object at Vienna clearly was to strengthen not only Austria but France (the France of the restored Bourbons of course), rather than to encourage the aggrandizement of Russia and Prussia. After the peace he supported the repressive system which has become identified with his own name and that of Lord Sidmouth; though as a set-off to this it may be added that he was always a supporter of the catholic claims. Towards the close of his life he superintended the management of the home, as well as that of the foreign office. In 1822 he was wearied out by his official exertions. Just when he was preparing to represent England at the congress of Verona his mind gave way, and on the 12th of August, 1822, he committed suicide at his seat of North Cray place in Kent. By the death of his father in the April of the preceding year he had become marquis of Londonderry. Mr. Charles Rush, American minister in London from 1819 to 1825, and who avers of him that "no statesman ever made more advances, or did more in fact towards placing the relations of England and America on an amicable footing," in his description (Residence at the Court of London) of Lord Londonderry's funeral, says:—"Nor did I ever see manly sorrow more depicted on any countenance than that of the duke of Wellington, as he took a last look of the coffin when lowered down into the vault." Lord Londonderry was buried at Westminster abbey between Pitt and Fox. In stature he was nearly six feet; his manners were perfect, his features were commanding; and last not least, his private character was irreproachable. His intellect was not a large one, and his parliamentary oratory, though fluent, was disfigured by a clumsiness of expression and a confusion of metaphor which have become proverbial. His rigorous anti-Napoleonism and anti-liberalism were to a certain extent redeemed, even in the eyes of his opponents, by consistency, intrepidity, and firmness of purpose. His "Memoirs and Correspondence" were published in 1848, edited by his brother, the third marquis.—F. E.
LONG, Edward, miscellaneous writer, was born in Cornwall in August, 1734. He was the son of a Jamaica planter, and became judge of the vice-admiralty court there. He died in 1813. His best work is a "History of Jamaica," 1774, in the composition of which he enjoyed access to original and authentic materials.—F. E.
* LONG, George, author and editor, born in Lancashire in 1800, received his later education at Trinity college, Cambridge,
