tionary mob, and bravely rescuing a local engineer from drowning. As a lieutenant-general he commanded a division at Valmy (see Kellermann), where he displayed great coolness and courage. He was one of the heroes of Jemappes, 6th November, 1792, and had a horse shot under him at Neerwinden, 18th March, 1793. It seems to have been among Dumouriez's schemes to make the young prince king, and thus rescue France from the anarchy of democracy. Suspected and summoned to its bar by the convention, Dumouriez sought refuge within the Austrian lines, and was accompanied in his flight, 5th April, 1793, by the young duke of Orleans, whose father had been guillotined in Paris on the preceding 21st of January. Louis Philippe refused to enter the Austrian service and to fight against his country; he made his way to Switzerland, where he met his sister and Madame de Genlis. For some time, under a feigned name, he taught mathematics and geography at the college of Reichenau. After a tour in the north of Europe, he left Hamburg in the September of 1796 for the United States, an act which led the French directory to liberate his younger brothers, who joined him in America. Their visit to the United States was followed by a residence in England, where the three brothers, the duke of Orleans, the duke de Montpensier, and the Count de Beaujolais, took up their abode at Twickenham. Here they signed a declaration of fidelity to Louis XVIII.; but, in spite of this, there was no great cordiality between the elder and younger branches of the exiled Bourbon family. The Duke de Montpensier died in the May of 1807, and Louis Philippe ccompanied to Malta his other brother, the Count de Beaujolais, who had been ordered to a warmer climate, and who died there in June, 1808. Soon afterwards Louis Philippe proceeded to Messina, and was well received at the court of Palermo by Ferdinand IV., king of the Two Sicilies, whose Neapolitan throne was occupied by Murat. At Messina he wooed and won Ferdinand's daughter, the Princess Mario Amélie. The marriage was celebrated on the 25th of November, 1809, at Palermo, where, after a long separation, the duke of Orleans had been joined by his mother and sister. It was preceded and succeeded by some abortive attempts on his part to aid in person a Spanish movement against the French, and to profit politically by the successes of the English in Spain. After the relegation of Napoleon to Elba he returned to Paris, when his military rank and the Orleans property were restored to him. On the escape of Napoleon from Elba he was appointed by the king commander of the army in the north, but soon resigned his functions and withdrew to Twickenham. After Waterloo he returned to Paris, where he was not now received with favour by Louis XVIII. Taking his seat in the French house of peers, he distinguished himself by recommending a moderate policy, and was "advised" to leave France. He retired once more to Twickenham, returning, however, permanently to France and his chateau of Neuilly in 1817. During the later years of the restoration he was looked on as the hope of the constitutional and liberal cause. Though he lived in comparative seclusion, the political and literary chiefs of the moderate opposition were welcomed in his salon, and his name was popularized by journalists and pamphleteers. In spite of this he was regarded more kindly by Charles X. than by Louis XVIII., and was permitted to give the former some good advice, which was not taken. When the revolution of the Three Days, July 27-29, 1830, broke out, Louis Philippe took no part in it, and retired to Raincy. But when the doom of Charles X. was sealed, and Laffitte's influence triumphed (see Laffitte, Jacques), he consented to come to Paris, 30th July, and on the 31st to accept the office of lieutenant-general of the kingdom. On the 7th of August the chambers by great majorities offered him the crown, and on the 9th, as king of the French, Louis Philippe swore fidelity to the charter. The new king was on the verge of fifty-seven, strong in health, with a mind matured both by experience of the world and by study in retirement; affable in his manners; lively and piquant in conversation; and commanding general esteem by the purity of his private life and his domestic virtues. He ascended the throne under difficult circumstances. He had to curb the revolution which made him a king, and he had to soothe the jealousies of the European monarchs who looked upon his accession as the signal for general war or revolution. It was in the direction of foreign affairs, that during the first years of his reign he found most scope for his independent action. He refused more than a moral sympathy to Poland. He resisted the popular demand for the annexation of Belgium, and married his daughter to the English candidate for the throne of that new kingdom, Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. Hand in hand with England he procured the settlement of the Belgian question, and by his adhesion to the quadruple alliance he arranged with England the future of the Iberian peninsula. In Italy he behaved with spirit, and when the Austrians entered the legations, French troops occupied Ancona. At home, in suppressing at once the excesses of the revolution and the reactionary attempts of the Bourbonists, Louis Philippe had the potent support of his parliaments, and of such ministers as Broghe, Guizot, Thiers, Soult, and above all of the resolute Casimir Perier. With this aid dangerous insurrections in the capital and at Lyons were suppressed; risings, fomented by the Duchess de Berri, were nipped in the bud, and the activity both of the press and of political associations fettered by severe legislation. Providence protected the king from repeated attempts at assassination, such as that of Fieschi, 28th of July, 1835, and of Alibaud, 25th June, 1836. It was from the latter year onward to 1840, that Louis Philippe became engaged in a new struggle no longer with the revolution, but for supremacy with the chiefs of parliamentary parties. Between 1836 and 1840 there were no fewer than six administrations in France; and the solution of the question, who was to govern, the king or his ministers, occupied the country much more than the dynastic pretensions of Louis Napoleon, whose unsuccessful attempt at Strasburg, 28th October, 1836, was followed by his relegation to the United States, while his landing at Boulogne, 6th August, 1840, was punished by imprisonment in the castle of Ham. Louis Philippe's last and greatest struggle with a minister was that with M. Thiers during the latter's second administration, March to October, 1840. M. Thiers wished to support Mehemet Ali against the Porte in his claims to the possession of Syria and independent sovereignty of Egypt. Lord Palmerston defeated this scheme by negotiating a treaty between the other great powers, from which France was excluded. Thiers urged a war with England, but Louis Philippe was firm, and the bellicose minister fell, not to rise again. From the fall of Thiers to the revolution of February, 1848, the king and his trusted Guizot ruled France with the aid of an obedient parliamentary majority. Early in this period, however, the throne of the barricades lost one of its supports by the death of the heir-apparent, the popular duke of Orleans, 13th July, 1842. But the English alliance was consolidated for a time by the pacific policy of king and minister in the "affaire Pritchard." Queen Victoria went twice to Eu, and Louis Philippe paid a friendly visit to England. The French arms were successful in Algeria, and on its soil military laurels were reaped by Louis Philippe's sons. His rule seemed secure; France was flourishing and prosperous when the revolution came. The masses had been excited by a persistent democratic propagandism, conducted both by the press and by parliamentary orators. Political ardour had' been heightened by the promulgation of the theories of socialism. The middle classes, prosperous materially, had been led to believe that the foreign policy of France lowered it in the eyes of Europe; and to this domestic dissatisfaction was added the rupture of the English alliance, caused by the trickery of Guizot in the affair of the Spanish marriages. Worst of all, Louis Philippe, in his desire to manage France, came to fancy that the end justified the means, and that corruption could be made the basis of a strong government. Electoral reform was refused, and the proceedings of courts of justice revealed cabinet ministers taking bribes. The refusal of the government to allow an electoral reform banquet in the February of 1848, was followed by the revolution of that month. The king could not bring himself to employ force to repress the insurrection, and fled to England. He took up his abode at Claremont, and lived in seclusion, much occupied with the composition of his memoirs. He had been ailing for some time, when, on the morning of the 26th August, 1850, he expired in the midst of his family. His only well-authenticated work is "Mon Journal: Événements de 1815," Paris, 1848, narrating what he saw and did in the March of that year, when stationed in the north of France. His queen died in March. 1866.—F. E.
GERMANY.
Louis I., Emperor. See Louis I., King of France.
Louis II. and III., Emperors. See Louis II. and III., Emperors of Italy.
Louis le Germanique, third son of Louis le Debonnaire, was born in 806. On the partition of his estates by his father
