the geology of these countries. The results of his observations were at different times published in the Proceedings and Transactions of the Geological Society of London, in the Reports of the British Association, and in Silliman's Journal of American Science; and soon after his return to England in 1841 he published an account of his travels in 2 vols. 8vo. These volumes contained his impressions of the various parts of the country he visited, mingled with personal incident, and reflections on the institutions of the country. In 1845 he published his "Second Visit to the United States." In this work he records his views, particularly of the Southern States, and treats the subject socially as well as geologically. We have not space, nor would it be of much interest, to enumerate the great number of papers which Sir Charles has published at various times and in various journals. He may be said, however, to be one of the most engaging and popular writers on geology we possess. In 1836 Sir Charles was elected president of the Geological Society, and was re-elected in 1850. He has been ever since its origin an active member of the British Association, and is a fellow of the Royal Society, as well as many other learned associations in this and foreign countries. Since 1831 he has been a deputy-lieutenant of Forfarshire; in 1848 he received the honour of knighthood on account of his scientific labours, and in 1855 the university of Oxford conferred upon him the degree of doctor of laws.—W. B—d.
LYFORD, William, an English divine of the seventeenth century, the son of a minister near Newbury in Berks, was born about 1598, and studied at Oxford, where he became a fellow of Magdalen college. After taking orders, he became incumbent of Sherborne in Dorsetshire, where he continued till his death in 1653. Lyford is highly commended for the methodical appropriation of his time, and for the faithful discharge of his ministerial duties. His principles were Calvinistic, and his tendencies presbyterian; his exemplary life and excellent writings have won for him the praise of all parties. His works are of a practical character.—B. H. C.
LYLLY. See Lilly.
LYNCH, Dominick, D.D., or Linze, as he was called in Spain, a learned divine, born in Galway in Ireland in the seventeenth century. He went early to Spain, where he entered the order of the dominicans, obtained a high reputation for learning, and became a synodial judge under the archbishop of Seville. He rose to the highest position in the university of Seville, being made principal regent and professor of divinity. He wrote many books on natural philosophy, and holds a high rank amongst Spanish authors. He died in 1697.—J. F. W.
LYNCH, John, was born in the town of Galway about the year 1599, where he was educated by the jesuits; and on the suppression of their schools in 1615 he went to France, where we find him engaged in the study of humanities at Dieppe in 1618. He took priest's orders in 1622. Returning to Galway, he set up a school there, and acquired a great reputation for classical learning. On the surrender of the town to the parliamentary forces in 1652, he fled to France with others of the Roman catholic clergy, where he devoted himself to literature. After the Restoration Lynch returned to Ireland, where he remained until his death, which occurred about 1674. Some of his biographers incorrectly state that he was made bishop of Killala. He was a distinguished scholar and a man of high principle. His first work was a translation of Keating's History of Ireland into elegant Latin, which was followed by the great labour of his life, "Cambrensis Eversus," in 1662, written also in Latin, and translated into English for the Celtic Society by the Rev. Matthew Kelly—"a work," says Harris, "showing a great compass of knowledge in the history of his own country and other polite literature." In 1659 he published the "Alithinologia," in 4 vols. He is the author of several other works and some poems.—J. F. W.
LYNDE, Sir Humphrey, was born in Dorsetshire in 1579 of an excellent family, and was educated at Oxford. James I. knighted him in 1613, and made him a justice of the peace; he was also for a considerable time a member of parliament. He was a zealous promoter and defender of the protestant religion, as is shown by his writings, which gained him considerable reputation, and some of which were translated into other languages. The most famous are his "Via Tuta" (the Safe Way), &c.; and the "Via Devia" (the Byway).—B. H. C.
LYNDHURST, John Singleton Copley, first baron, a veteran politician and lawyer, who had been thrice lord chancellor of England, was the son of the late Mr. Copley, the eminent historical painter.—(See Copley, John Singleton.) He was born at Boston, U.S., on the 21st of May, 1772, and brought when two years old to England by his father. Educated privately, he went to Trinity college, Cambridge, where in 1794 he was second wrangler and Smith's junior mathematical prizeman. After being elected a fellow of his college, he was appointed one of the travelling bachelors of the university, and as such visited the United States. On returning to England he studied for the bar, to which he was called in 1804 by the Society of Lincoln's inn. He went the midland circuit, and rose, although slowly, to be its leader. He was first brought into general notice as counsel with the late Sir Charles Wetherell for the defence in the trials of Watson and Thistlewood for high treason in 1817, when his clients were acquitted, and "Copley and liberty" became a popular cry. In the same year, however, he was employed by the government in the prosecution of Brandreth and his associates, executed at Derby for rioting; and Mr. Copley, whose politics had previously been liberal, was marked out for promotion by Lord Liverpool. Under the auspices of the ministry he was elected member for Ashburton in 1818. In the same year he was appointed chief justice of Chester, and in July, 1819, solicitor-general. As solicitor-general he was prominent in the prosecution of Thistlewood, who, for complicity in the Cato Street conspiracy of 1820, did not on this occasion escape; and in the proceedings against Queen Caroline. In 1824 he was appointed attorney-general, and master of the rolls in 1826, when he became for a brief period the colleague of Lord Palmerston in the representation of the alma mater of both, the university of Cambridge. In 1827 he was raised to the peerage and appointed lord chancellor, and retained the office until the fall of the Wellington ministry in November, 1830. On the eve of this event he introduced a regency bill, so ably framed and explained by him that it was unhesitatingly adopted by Lord Grey and accepted by parliament. Lord Lyndhurst's legal ability was so incontestable that he was appointed by Lord Grey in 1831 chief baron of the exchequer, which did not prevent him from delivering in his place in the house of peers the most effective speech made in that assembly against the first reform bill. It was on his motion that the consideration of the disfranchising clauses of the bill was adjourned on the 7th May, 1832; and on the consequent resignation of Earl Grey, he was invited to form a new ministry, even making an ineffectual attempt in that direction. Reinstated in the chancellorship during Sir Robert Peel's short ministry of 1834-35. he found himself after the fall of the Peel administration unfettered by judicial duties, and until Sir Robert Peel's return to power in 1841 was the virtual, though the duke of Wellington might be the recognized leader, of the opposition in the house of lords. The sarcastic eloquence of his annual reviews of the results of each session, will long be remembered by those who heard or read them. On Sir Robert Peel's reaccession to power in 1841, Lord Lyndhurst became once more lord chancellor, and when he quitted office with his colleagues in 1816, he declared his public life to be at an end. He subsequently, however, delivered several most effective speeches, and gave a powerful though unofficial aid to the latter policy of Lord Derby, and was understood to exert a great influence in the councils of the conservative party. During the war with Russia he strenuously advocated the vigorous prosecution of the contest, and in an elaborate oration denounced the vacillating policy of Prussia. Among the more prominent of his later oratorical displays were the appeal in which he raised a warning voice after the pence of Villafranca against the aggressive designs (as he considered them) of the emperor of the French on this country; the long and elaborate argument against life peerages in the case of Lord Wensleydale; and the speech in which he opposed in 1860 the repeal of the paper duty, supporting the right of the house of lords to reject the measure which embodied it. This last display of argument and eloquence was made on the very day on which he attained his eighty-eighth year. Lord Lyndhurst was twice married, first in 1819 to the daughter of Charles Brunsden, Esq., and widow of Lieutenant-colonel Charles Thomas (she died in 1834); and again in 1837 to the daughter of the late Lewis Goldsmith, Esq., the once well-known political writer. His lordship was a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1840 was elected high steward of the university of Cambridge. He died, October 12, 1863.—F. E.
LYNEDOCH, Lord. See Graham.
LYON, George Francis, an English naval officer, was born in 1795, at Chichester in Sussex. Devoted to the naval
