in a sort even to this day (1825), and is the life of company with anecdotes and fun." "Though he survived," says Lord Cockburn, "the passing away of many a literary friend, and many a revolution of manners, he accommodated himself to unavoidable change with the cheerfulness of a man of sense." The title of "The Man of Feeling "adhered to him ever after the publication of that novel; and it was a good example of the difference there sometimes is between a man and his work. Strangers used to fancy that he must be a pensive sentimental Harley; whereas he was far better, a hard-headed practical man, as full of worldly wisdom as most of his fictitious characters are devoid of it; and this without in the least impairing the affectionate softness of his heart. In person he was thin, shrivelled and yellow, kiln-dried, with something when seen in profile of the clever wicked look of Voltaire. Burns termed Mackenzie the Scottish Addison, and says, "if he has not Addison's exquisite humour, he has certainly outdone him in the tender and pathetic; " and the sentiment has been re-echoed by Sir Walter Scott. Mr. Mackenzie had eleven children, the eldest of whom became an eminent Scotch judge.—J. T.
MACKINNON, Daniel, the gallant defender of Hougomont on the field of Waterloo, was born in 1781, and died in 1836. In 1805 he served at Bremen, in 1807 at Copenhagen, and in 1809 joined the army in the Peninsula. He was then a lieutenant in the guards and aid-de-camp to General Stopford, with whom he served in the various engagements from Talavera to Toulouse. At the peace he attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the army. In June, 1815, his regiment was at Brussels, and so anxious was Mackinnon to join that he crossed from Ramsgate to Ostend in an open boat. He was present in the actions of the 16th, 17th, and on the ever-memorable day of Waterloo, the 18th, he had three horses shot under him. He was then sent to occupy the farm of Hougomont, with strict orders from the duke of Wellington to defend the important post to the last extremity. The brilliant manner in which the service was performed has become a matter of history. On his return he attained the rank of colonel of the Coldstream guards, of which corps he wrote a history.—P. E. D.
MACKINNON, Henry, an English general, was born in 1773, and after achieving the highest reputation as a gallant soldier and skilful commander, particularly by his brilliant services under Wellington in the peninsula, was killed at the storming of Ciudad Rodrigo in 1812.
MACKINTOSH, Sir James, statesman and historian, the only child of Captain John Mackintosh by his wife Marjory, whose maiden name was Marjory Magillivray, was born at Aldowrie in the county of Inverness, seven miles from the county town, on the 24th October, 1765. Captain Mackintosh, preferring the more easy habits of barrack life to the thrifty pleasures of home, passed his time with his regiment at various military stations abroad. The charge of educating James thus fell entirely upon the mother. Their means were limited. Through the captain's lavish habits, the little estate called Kellachie, which had been in the family for two centuries, became heavily encumbered. A bequest by an uncle to his young nephew fell in opportunely, and secured for James Mackintosh the advantages of a liberal education. He was first placed at the school of Fortrose in Ross-shire, whence in 1780 he proceeded to King's college, Aberdeen. During the four years he remained at this university he contracted a warm friendship with Robert Hall. They were the marked men of the period. Under their auspices the "Hall and Mackintosh Club" was founded—a college debating society which derived its inspiration as well as its name from these two promising young men. In 1784 Mackintosh obtained the degree of M.A., and entered himself of the Edinburgh university as a student of medicine. Here his habits of study became very desultory. The mental and moral sciences, politics, literature, and theology obtained more than a fair portion of his time. With no affection for his profession, he was just able at the end of three years (1787) to maintain the Latin thesis, and pass the ordinary examination for a diploma in medicine. From Edinburgh the young physician came to London (1788), with recommendations to Dr. Eraser of Bath. He took up his quarters in the house of a wine merchant in Clipstone Street. The metropolis was in a turmoil of political excitement. The progress of events on the continent, the trial of Warren Hastings, and the Westminster election were the leading topics of conversation wherever men congregated together. Mackintosh was delighted. With the colours of Horne Tooke fluttering in his hat, he jostled in the crowd, shouted the political cries, and pressed round the polling booths. Not until this excitement was over did he begin to seriously reflect on the course he was to adopt in his own profession. There was some negotiation, by no means of a practical character, about settling in St. Petersburg. Salisbury and Weymouth were talked of. There was a generous frankness, cordiality, and improvidence about him at this time which augured ill for his worldly success, but which made him a lovable companion. That he should have become enamoured of Miss Stuart; that he should have wooed, won, and secretly married in the course of a few months, was not at all strange. The rite was solemnized, January, 1789, in Marylebone church, the pew-opener and beadle being the attesting witnesses. The relatives on both sides were highly indignant; but though his funds were stopped, and everything seemed unpropitious, the union proved in the long run one of the happiest events in his life. In the spring of the same year they went to the Netherlands, residing chiefly at Brussels. On their return to London in 1790, Mackintosh found himself without money or means of living. Through the good offices of Charles Stuart his brother-in-law, then a theatrical critic about London, he obtained an introduction to Mr. Bell, editor and proprietor of a newspaper called the Oracle. This was the turning point of his life. Had the negotiation with Bell been broken off. Mackintosh would probably have settled down in some provincial town, and won the limited fame and fortune of a country doctor. The credentials upon which he based his application for the department of foreign politics in the Oracle were not high or numerous. The only contribution from his pen hitherto—a pamphlet on the regency question—had fallen to the ground unnoticed. A few months' residence in the Netherlands was the principal guarantee for his knowledge of foreign affairs. However, he obtained the appointment, and gave complete satisfaction. Next year (1791) Mackintosh attempted something higher than newspaper writing. After close application for about half a year in the little village of Ealing, his first treatise, the "Vindiciæ Gallicæ," was published. This conferred upon the author a sudden and wide celebrity. His name became familiar in the salons of the clubs and drawing-rooms of statesmen. Fox, Grey, Lauderdale, Erskine, and Whitbread courted his acquaintance. He was invited to the duchess of Gordon's rout, and was cordially received by Sheridan, the Colossus of the whig press. The "Vindiciæ Gallicæ," designed to be a mere pamphlet, grew to a volume of three hundred and eighty pages, and reached the third edition at the end of three months. The copyright was sold for £30. All England felt that the essays to refute Burke's masterly philippic against the French revolution had proved futile. The impotence of the attempts only aggravated the misgiving and prejudice they were intended to remove. The sanguinary excesses of the Parisian mob had been pourtrayed in the Reflections in language of scornful invective and splendid declamation. A sense of insecurity stole over the national mind, which only required the touch of some hand to dispel. The "Vindiciæ Gallicæ" appeared opportunely. A few years later the steady progress of events would have reassured the country, and the subject would have lost much of its interest. The popularity of the book was due to the sense of relief which an impartial and eloquent statement of facts produced. Burke's logic was not impregnable. Mackintosh argued the expediency and necessity of the Revolution, analyzed the character of the national assembly and the new constitution, and vindicated the admirers of the Revolution with eloquence and ability not unworthy of the great orator, over whom he thereby won a partial triumph. Mackintosh may have exhibited more extensive learning in parliamentary debate, more profundity in his historical writings, but in purity of style, in vigour of thought, and closeness of reasoning he never surpassed this effort. Burke himself paid a graceful compliment to his antagonist, and afterwards admitted him to his friendship. In 1792 Mackintosh was appointed secretary to the society of "The Friends of the People"—a society instituted for the purpose of obtaining parliamentary reform under the auspices of Mr. Grey (afterwards Lord Grey), and whose labours resulted, after forty years, in the passing of the reform bill. In this name year Mackintosh entered himself of Lincoln's inn, and was called to the bar in 1795. At this period he devoted much of his time to literature, and contributed
