born in London in 1792, and educated at Trinity college, Cambridge; was called to the bar in 1816, but in 1821 entered the church. From 1837 to 1848 he was librarian to the late Dr. Howley, archbishop of Canterbury, and illustrated portions of the archiepiscopal library at Lambeth in two bibliographical works. Of Dr. Maitland's many writings, perhaps the most popular is "The Dark Ages," third edition, 1853, originally published in the British Magazine, and combating with vigour and wit what he deemed the vulgar error of depreciating the intellectualism of the middle ages. It contains, among other things, some interesting and picturesque sketches of mediæval monastic life. In a series of works and pamphlets, such as "Facts and Documents about the Albigenses," 1832, originated by the publication of Faber's Sacred Calendar of Prophecy, he endeavoured to disprove any spiritual or historical connection between the Albigenses and the Waldenses: and in another series, elicited by Mr. Townsend's dissertation prefixed to a new edition (1841) of Fox's Acts and Monuments, he examined sceptically the famous martyrologist's claims to be considered as a sound historical authority. In point of style. Dr. Maitland perhaps might be called the Sydney Smith of the moderate high church party, with much more than Sydney Smith's erudition. His critical acumen was brought to bear on a purely literary problem in his "Chatterton, an essay," 1857. The view which he took was that, whatever might be their origin, Chatterton could not have forged the Rowley poems, were it only because his acknowledged writings display little or nothing of the genius which undoubtedly marks those perplexing compositions. After the death of Archbishop Howley in 1848, Dr. Maitland returned to Gloucester. He died on the 19th of January, 1866—F. E.
MAITLAND, William (Younger of Lethington), a distinguished statesman and political leader in the troublous times of Queen Mary, was the eldest son of Sir Richard Maitland, and was born about the year 1525. He studied first at the university of St. Andrews, and then, according to the custom of his day, completed his education on the continent. On his return to his own country he entered into the service of the queen-dowager, and was appointed secretary of state in 1558. In the following year he deserted her cause and joined the protestant party, who welcomed him with open arms, and sent him to plead their cause with the English queen. He acted as speaker of the convention which in 1560 overturned the Roman catholic church in Scotland. On the return of Queen Mary from France, Lethington ingratiated himself into her favour, was confirmed in his office of secretary, and was repeatedly intrusted with important missions to the English court. In 1561 he was appointed an extraordinary lord, and in 1566 an ordinary lord of session. But at this juncture he was deprived of his office of secretary and banished the court, on account of his complicity in the murder of Riccio. He succeeded, however, in obtaining the queen's pardon and restoration to his office, and for some time was her trusted counsellor. The knowledge which the astute but unprincipled secretary possessed of her private feelings, induced him to propose that she should obtain a divorce from her faithless husband. The plot for the murder of Darnley probably had its origin in his busy intriguing brain. It is certain that he signed the "bond" or covenant for the perpetration of that barbarous deed. He protested, however, against the queen's marriage to Bothwell, though he continued in her service until her surrender to the insurgent nobles at Carberry Hill. He then openly joined the conspirators, and shared in all their councils and proceedings. After Mary's flight into England, however, he became alienated from the regent Moray, who both hated and feared him, and caused him to be suddenly arrested at the council board in the latter end of 1569, on the charge of having been an accomplice in the murder of Darnley. But his friend Kirkaldy of Grange released him from confinement, and gave him an asylum in the castle of Edinburgh. From this period Lethington continued to guide the councils of the queen's party; and even after the defection of the Hamiltons and Gordons had rendered her cause desperate, he and Grange obstinately held out. When the castle surrendered to the English in 1573, Lethington and his friend were taken prisoners by Elizabeth's orders, and basely delivered up to Morton, who put Grange to death. Lethington anticipated this fate by dying in prison, but whether by a natural or voluntary death is uncertain. He was one of the ablest statesmen of his age—versatile, dexterous, fertile in resources, and accomplished, but fickle, unprincipled, and unscrupulous.—J. T.
MAITLAND, William, a Scottish antiquary, was born about 1693. Having amassed a considerable fortune as a hair merchant, he settled in London and employed his leisure in antiquarian studies. He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1733, and of the Antiquarian Society in 1735. His works are a "History of London," folio, 1739; abridged from Stow, a "History of Edinburgh," folio, 1753—his best work; and "The History and Antiquities of Scotland," 2 vols., folio—a publication of very little value. He died in 1757.—J. T.
MAITTAIRE, Michael, an eminent English bibliographer of French origin, was born in 1688, and died 7th August, 1747. His parents had been protestant refugees, and Michael was sent first to Westminster school, and then to Christ church, Oxford. On taking his degree, he was for a short time one of the masters at Westminster school, but left that occupation to devote himself to literature. Lord Chesterfield confided to him the education of his son, Stanhope. He travelled in France and Holland, and made the acquaintance of the learned printers of the continent. He was a man of great erudition, but he had not the verbal accuracy necessary for a critical editor of the classics. His first work was on the Greek dialects, several times republished. This was followed by "An Essay against Arianism and some other heresies;" and "Stephanorum Historia," London, 1713. He then published a series of the Latin classics, including editions of Lucretius, Sallust, Terence, Catullus, Cornelius Nepos, Horace, Juvenal, Ovid, Virgil, Cæsar, Martial, Lucan, and some others. Under the form of "Historia Typographorum," he published the lives of the Parisian printers; and under that of "Annales Typographici," 9 vols. 4to, he gave stupendous contribution to the history of the typographic art. Editions of various other works also proceeded from his pen; and he compiled a catalogue of the Harleian library.—P. E. D.
MAJANO, Benedetto da, a celebrated Italian sculptor and architect, was born at Florence in 1442. Originally he was a carver in wood, and practised tarsia or inlaid work, in both of which he greatly excelled. Of his tarsia work some admirable examples still exist in the sacristy of Sta. Maria del Fiore at Florence. So great was his celebrity, that he received commissions, not only from several Italian princes, but also from Matthew, king of Hungary. Vasari relates that Benedetto made a rich pair of coffers for this sovereign, and carried them himself to Hungary; but on unpacking them found that the tarsia had become unglued, owing to the damp having reached them on the sea-voyage, which so mortified him that he resolved to abandon working in wood, and become a sculptor in marble. Before l eaving Hungary, he executed several works in marble and in terra cotta. On his return to Florence he was directed by the Signoria to execute the carvings of the doorway of the audience-chamber—a work greatly admired, but now very imperfect. He also executed a rich monument in black marble for Filippo Strozzi, to be placed in Sta. Maria Novella, and several other works. Later he executed some important works at Naples and elsewhere; and then returning to Florence, he constructed a magnificent marble pulpit for the church of Sta. Croce, which was considered his masterpiece: it still exists, but shorn of much of its splendour. Later in life, stimulated by the example of his brother, he applied himself to architecture, made additions to various buildings in Florence, and built at his own cost, and decorated with some fine sculpture by himself, a small chapel in the neighbourhood of Prato. He died in 1498.—J. T—e.
MAJANO, Giuliano da, a celebrated Italian architect, the elder brother of Benedetto da Majano, was born at Florence in 1432. He is said to have been first a joiner, and afterwards a sculptor, before he became an architect. But he must have adopted the latter profession very early, if it be true that he attained sufficient rank in that capacity at Florence to be invited to Naples by King Alfonso (who died in 1458, when Giuliano was only twenty-six) to erect the palace of Poggio Reale. Of this palace but few vestiges are left. After this he went to Rome, and erected for Pope Paul II. a colonnade, a marble loggia, and other works connected with St. Peter's; the palace and church of St. Mark (about 1468); and designed extensive alterations and additions to the shrine of Our Lady of Loretto. St. Mark's is usually spoken of as Giuliano's chief work, but some recent writers deny that he was its architect. After the death of Paul II. Giuliano returned to Naples, where he built (1484) the Capuan gate and other works for Ferdinand I. He died at Naples in December, 1490. The biographies of this
