place; in 1763 went to Paris; and in 1767 to Italy. In 1772 he returned to Germany, and eventually settled at Munich, where in 1799 he was appointed director of the Bavarian gallery. Mannlich's oil paintings are much praised for their correct drawing, perspicuous arrangement, and lively colouring: several of them are in the churches of Bavaria. But he is better known out of Germany by having published, in his capacity as director of the Bavarian gallery, the extensive series of lithographs (four hundred and thirty-two in number) from the original drawings in the royal cabinets. For this work, which was commenced in 1810, Mannlich himself supplied some of the plates; but the greater part were executed by his pupils Piloty and Strixner. In 1817 he commenced the companion series of lithographs by Piloty, Strixner, the Quaglios, Heideck, &c., from the royal pictures. Herr Mannlich also published, with plates, essays on the costume and habits of the ancients, 4to, 1802; on beauty; and on anatomy, for the use of students and amateurs of the fine arts He died at Munich in 1822.—J. T—e.
MANNYNG, Robert, one of the English rhyming chroniclers, was born at Bourne, near Deeping, in Lincolnshire. He joined the order of Gilbertine monks, founded by St. Gilbert of Sempringham, and tells us that he resided first for some time at the priory of Sixhill, and afterwards at the monastery of Bourne or Brunne, whence he is called De Brunne. It was the aim of his useful life to convey sound and entertaining instruction to the great mass of his countrymen, by translating or paraphrasing in the rude English of the period, such French works as seemed to him most suitable for the purpose. Accordingly, in 1303, he began to translate into octosyllabic verse Bishop Grossetête's Manuel des Péchés, and finished it in five years. The introduction opens with the lines—
" For lewed [lay] men I undyrtoke
In Englyshe tonge to make this boke."
Robert's next work was a rhyming chronicle of England in two parts; the first being a translation in octosyllabic verse of Wace's Brut d'Angleterre, the second a version in twelve syllable or Alexandrine metre of Peter Langtoft's French chronicle, extending from the death of Cadwallader to the year 1307. The entire work is stated to have been finished in 1338. The date of Mannyng's death is unknown.—T. A.
MANOEL, Francesco. See Manuel.
MANSARD or MANSART, François, the elder of two of the most eminent French architects of the seventeenth century, was born at Paris in 1598. The son of Absalon Mansard, who is styled architect to the king, but of whose works little is told, Francois was carefully trained from early youth to the architectural profession. The restoration of the Hôtel Toulouse, the work which brought him into notice, was undertaken by him when only twenty-two, and from this time till his death in 1666 he was constantly employed on buildings of importance. His chief works are considered to be the facade of the church of the Minimes in the Place Royale, and the church of the Val-de-Grace, which he designed, and in part erected for Anne of Austria. Both these were at one time regarded as masterpieces of art; but they are now oftener quoted as examples of misapplied ingenuity and grotesque ornamentation. Among other churches built by him are those of the Feuillans and the Enfants Trouves in the Rue St. Antoine. Of the many noble residences built by him may be named the chatèaus of Maiçons built for the President de Longueil, which is considered his most successful effort in this class; Blois, Berni, Belcray, Choisy-sur-Seine, &c.; the palaces of Conde and Blezancourt; the Hôtels de la Vrillière; Jars; parts of Bouillon, Carnavelt, &c. He also made designs for the façade of the Louvre; but those of Bernini were preferred. The peculiar form of curb roof which forms so marked a feature in later French renaissance architecture, and which is known as the Mansard roof, is said to have been invented by him. Mansard was an architect of fertile imagination and considerable resource; but his style was corrupt, and his example was undoubtedly mischievous.—J. T—e.
MANSARD, Jules Hardouin, born in 1645, was the son of a painter, who married a sister of the celebrated François Mansard. Jules was adopted by his uncle, assumed the name of Mansard, and became his uncle's pupil and heir. He became the favourite architect of Louis XIV., who nominated him superintendent of all the royal buildings and artistic and industrial establishments. The first work of importance executed by him for his royal master, was the chateau of Clugny, near Versailles, built by Louis for Madame de Montespan. His greatest work, one of the most extensive and costly which it has fallen to the lot of any modern architect to execute, was the vast palace of Versailles. The principal or garden-front of this palace occupies an extent of upwards of nineteen hundred feet, has above a hundred Ionic columns and almost an army of statues, and has been described as one of the grandest and most beautiful in existence; but the ultimate verdict appears more likely to be that of Sir Christopher Wren, that it is "mere heaps of littleness." The Grand Trianon at Versailles and the chateau at Marly are also among the more celebrated works of Jules Mansard. The gilt dome which he added to the church of the Invalides at Paris, has been extremely praised; but it is much inferior to that of St. Paul's. The churches of St. Denis, Paris, and Nôtre Dame, Versailles; the magnificent Place Louis XIV., and the circular Place des Victoires, Paris—were also by him. As the favourite architect of Louis XIV., and the builder of the vast works erected by that monarch, Jules Mansard not only amassed a great fortune, but gave the character to the architecture of his age in France, and considerably influenced that of other countries. He is the chief of the later French renaissance architects, and is still spoken of with something approaching to reverence by many French writers. But with greater exuberance, perhaps greater daring than the elder Mansard, he had still less feeling for architectural grandeur, propriety, or even picturesqueness; and his taste was irreclaimably corrupt. Jules Mansard died suddenly at Marly, May 11, 1708.—J. T—e.
* MANSELL, Henry Longueville, a prominent contemporary metaphysician, received his later education at St. John's college, Oxford, which he entered in 1839. He took a double first class in 1843, became a fellow and tutor of his college, and entering the church was ordained in 1845. Devoting himself specially to logic and metaphysics, he published in 1852 an edition, with notes, of Aldrich's Artis Logicæ Rudimenta, which has gone through several editions; in 1851, "Prolegomena Logica," an inquiry into the psychological character of logical processes (second edition, 1860); and in 1853, "The Limits of demonstrative science considered." In 1855 he was appointed Waynflete reader in moral and metaphysical science in connection with Magdalene college; and the subject of his inaugural lecture was "Psychology the test of moral and metaphysical philosophy." In 1856 he published a lecture on the philosophy of Kant. In 1858 Mr. Mansell read the Bampton lecture for the year, the publication of which excited more than the usual attention, and was productive of a keen and interesting controversy, in which Mr. Maurice took a prominent part against the lecturer. In this work, entitled "The Limits of Religious Thought Examined," 1858 (fourth edition, 1859), Mr. Mansell avowedly applied and developed Sir William Hamilton's thesis, that "the unconditioned is incognizable and unconceivable; its notion being only negative of the conditioned, which last can alone be positively known or conceived." The lesson deduced from this by Sir William Hamilton was also that which Mr. Mansell sought to enforce—"We are thus taught the salutary lesson that the capacity of thought is not to be constituted into the measure of existence, and are warned from recognizing the domain of our knowledge as co-extensive with the horizon of our faith." The views of the Deity given in the Bible formed, according to Mr. Mansell, regulative, not speculative truths, a true knowledge of the absolute being impossible; and in spite of all his efforts to the contrary, a certain class of his opponents denounced his theory as "virtual atheism." Mr. Mansell edited the Lectures on Metaphysics (1859) of his favourite philosopher, Sir William Hamilton; and contributed to the eighth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica a treatise on metaphysics (republished in a separate form in 1860), in two sections. Psychology and Ontology. His latest defence of the views broached in his "Limits of Religious Thought," is a "Letter to Professor Goldwin Smith," 1861. He proceeded B.D. in 1852, and is a curator of the Taylor Institution, delegate of the Press, and member of the Hebdomadal Council of the university of Oxford.—F. E.
MANSFELD, Ernest, Count de, son of Count Peter Ernest, was born in 1585. One of the most famous captains of the seventeenth century, he first studied the art of war in Hungary, and subsequently entered the service of the duke of Savoy. Although educated as a catholic he embraced the protestant religion, and fought earnestly for the protestant cause. Leading two thousand men to the aid of the Bohemian insur-
