and lecturer on anatomy in London. He early acquired reputation. His first published work was a volume of "Anatomical and Physiological Commentaries," which appeared in 1822. This was followed in 1827 by an atlas of superb plates illustrative of the structure of the human brain. About the same time he was elected lecturer on anatomy and surgeon to the Middlesex hospital, and soon after professor of comparative anatomy to the Royal College of Surgeons. Amongst his numerous publications, the "Outlines of Human Physiology," at the time of its appearance a valuable contribution to science, is the work by which he is best known. The last chair he filled in London was that of professor of anatomy and physiology in King's college. Apart from his reputation as a physiologist, he was also known as a skilful practical surgeon. As a lecturer he was remarkable for the clearness and beauty of his style. About the time when public attention, was first directed to hydropathy, Mayo was debarred from professional exertion by severe chronic rheumatism. Having tried without benefit the usual methods of treatment, he went to Germany, and placed himself under the care of a hydropathic practitioner. From him he states that he obtained relief, although during the rest of his life he continued crippled by anchylosis of the joints. He subsequently became part proprietor and physician in a hydropathic establishment at Boppart, and afterwards at Bad-Weilbach, near Mayence. Many of his friends were of opinion that his mental faculties failed during his latter years, for he became an implicit believer in mesmerism, clairvoyance, &c. His last publications were a tract on the water-cure, and a series of letters on "Popular Superstitions in relation to Mesmerism." His death occurred at Bad-Weilbach, August 15, 1852.—F. C. W.
MAYO or MAYOW, John, a physician and the anticipator of some of the discoveries of modern chemistry, was born in Cornwall in 1645. He entered as a student of Wadham college, Oxford, but ultimately became a probationer-fellow of All Souls. Before applying himself to the study of medicine, he obtained a degree in civil law. He appears to have resided principally at Bath. He died in 1679 at the early age of thirty-four. He published several treatises on physiological subjects; but the work by which he is best known is a tract, "De Sale Nitro et Spiritu nitro Aereo," which appeared in 1674. The nitro-aereal spirit of which he writes is a constituent part of atmospheric air, identical with the oxygen of modern chemists. In this treatise which contains some most ingenious experiments, he appears to have anticipated the discovery that metals gain weight by calcination. He was of opinion, that during the combustion of fuel the composition of the air undergoes a change. He also entertained views on the function of respiration and on chemical affinity far in advance of those of his contemporaries.—F. C. W.
MAZARIN, Hortense, Duchesse de, was a daughter of a Roman baron named Mancini, by a sister of the celebrated cardinal, and was born at Rome in 1646. Brought to Paris at an early age, her uncle married her to the Duc de la Meilleraie, on condition that the latter should assume the name and arms of Mazarin. The union, which took place in 1661, was so unhappy that the duchess made her escape to Rome, and took refuge there with her sister. Reduced to great extremities, obliged even to pawn her jewels, she returned to France, and obtained a pension from Louis XIV. After a residence in Savoy she came to London in 1675, speedily attracted the attention of Charles II., who allowed her a pension, and collected round her a brilliant circle in which Saint Evremond was the most conspicuous figure. On the Revolution she lost her pension; and her husband, who had long been at law with her, obtained a decree depriving her of all her rights, in case she should still refuse to return to his roof. King William, however, took pity upon her and allowed her £2000 a year. She retired to Chelsea, and died there 2nd July, 1699, aged fifty-three. The Mémoires published under her name, were written by the Abbé de Saint Real, who was one of her most devoted followers.—W. J. P.
MAZARIN, Julius, was born at Pescara in the Abruzzi, on the 14th of July, 1602. It is generally allowed that he was descended of a noble Sicilian family, although his parents were in circumstances far from affluent. The primary education of the future statesman was conducted at Rome under the superintendence of the jesuits, at whose college he is said to have highly distinguished himself. Having attracted the attention of Jerome Colonna, afterwards Cardinal Colonna, he accompanied that personage to the university of Alcala, and continued his studies in Spain for a short period with great distinction. Returning home he entered, when twenty years old, the pontifical army, and served for some time as captain of infantry in the Valteline. But it became speedily apparent that Mazarin's triumphs were to be gained on other fields than those of war. It was while serving under the flag of Pope Urban VIII. that the peculiar bent of his genius was first exhibited. Having been employed to negotiate with the French and Spanish generals, by his address and dexterity he acquired the confidence of both, and eventually brought about the peace of Monçon in 1626. Soon after occurred the disputed succession to the duchy of Mantua, in which France, Germany, Spain, and Savoy were all involved, as supporting the claims of two opposing candidates; and Urban empowering Cardinal Sacchetti to act as mediator, Mazarin was sent along with him to Turin for the purpose of assisting in the task. The labours of the young diplomatist, who was in reality the prime mover throughout the whole affair, were in the end crowned with success, and in 1631 he managed to effect the treaty of Cherasco, which restored and established peace. It was in the previous year that he, for the first time, met with Louis XIII. of France and his celebrated minister Richelieu; and from that interview may be dated the history of his future eminence. Ever after, he laboured strenuously in behalf of French interests; and both Richelieu and his royal master recommended him, for his valuable services, to the favour of the pope. In 1634 Mazarin was despatched as nuncio to Paris, where although unsuccessful in the chief object of his mission, he greatly aided his own advancement by ingratiating himself to the utmost of his ability with the French monarch and his all-powerful minister. In 1636 he returned to Rome; and it was as the agent and champion of the court of France that he did so. Urban, however, declined to gratify Louis by conferring upon Mazarin the dignity of cardinal; and in 1639 the latter again left Rome for Paris. After having been appointed ambassador to Savoy, where his exertions for the restoration of peace were successful, the demand of the French sovereign was at last complied with by the pope, and the following year, 1641, saw the name of Mazarin in the list of promotions to the conclave. During the famous conspiracy of Cinq-Mars, which embittered the closing days of Richelieu, the new cardinal was a devoted and able assistant to his illustrious patron. When the decease of the latter in December, 1642, took place, Mazarin (whom, on his death-bed, Richelieu had recommended to Louis as his successor) immediately began to exercise the functions, if not to bear the title, of that office. Throughout the brief remainder of the king's existence Mazarin's position was comparatively untroubled; but with the monarch's decease in 1643, a time of political tempest sufficient to tax his entire energies began. At first the queen-regent, Anne of Austria, was prejudiced against Mazarin, and raised the bishop of Beauvais to the important post of prime minister; but she soon discovered her mistake, and the sagacious Italian became her favourite and regained his previous influence. During the long minority of Louis XIV. he continued to guide the regency. Abroad, under his auspices, matters went well for France, although at home the country was the prey of intestine commotions and the theatre of civil conflict. Following the chief traditions of the greater Richelieu, he carried on the war against Spain and Germany—a war immortalized by the heroic memories that cluster round such names as those of Condé and Turenne. Ultimately, the French minister had the pride and satisfaction of concluding the peace of Westphalia, by which the European strife of thirty years was closed, France also gaining thereby several important territorial acquisitions. Meanwhile, the dissensions of the Fronde tormented the vitals of the kingdom. This period, to our mind one of the most dreary and repulsive in all French history, we shall pass lightly over. Let us merely indicate, in a sentence, the course of events in so far as Mazarin himself was involved in the same. The very year that the war in Germany was terminated, the civil war of the Fronde broke out in France, when the parliament of Paris, in conjunction with some of the higher aristocracy, revolted against the authority of Mazarin. Headed by that prince of conspirators, the Cardinal de Retz, the Frondeurs proclaimed only hostility to the minister, while simultaneously asserting their unalterable attachment to the crown. Mazarin had to yield to the storm, and flee from the capital to secure his life. Yet, by dint of the skilful and dexterous management which formed the very breath of his existence, the subtle Italian counteracted the efforts of his foes; and the dis-
