and "Fazio," without the author's leave asked or given, was first acted (as the "Italian Wife") at the Transpontine Surrey. It was afterwards performed at Covent Garden, Miss O'Neil personating the heroine Bianca. Mr. Milman entered the church in 1816, and was appointed in 1817 to the vicarage of St. Mary's, Reading, which he retained until 1835. In 1818 he published his "Samor," begun at Eton and completed at Oxford; in 1820 the "Fall of Jerusalem;" and in 1821 the "Martyr of Antioch," "Belshazzar," and "Anne Boleyn," all four dramatic poems. These and other metrical compositions are collected in the editions of his "Poems," published in 1826 and 1840. He was appointed in 1827 to deliver the Bampton lecture, which in the same year was published, according to custom. In 1821 he was elected professor of poetry at Oxford; and when his ten years' term of office was approaching its close, he was induced to seek, for professorial purposes, fresh fields and pastures new in the study of Sanscrit and its literature. The results of these studies were embodied in his lectures, and given to the world in an article in the Quarterly Review, to which he contributed, among other papers, a series of essays on the Greek poets. To his exploration of Sanscrit literature we owe the metrical version of "Nala and Damayanta," one of the episodes of the Mahabarata, published in the 1840 edition of his poems. In 1829 he had contributed to the Family Library, and anonymously, a "History of the Jews," and in 1840 appeared his "History of Christianity from the Birth of Christ to the Abolition of Paganism in the Roman Empire." The most eminent of Mr. Milman's writings is his "History of Latin Christianity to the Pontificate of Nicholas V.," 1854. He also edited Gibbon, with notes, and prefixed a "Life of Horace" to the illustrated edition of that poet, 1849. Appointed rector of St. Margaret's, Westminster, and a canon of Westminster in 1835, he became in 1849 dean of St. Paul's. He died on the 24th of September, 1868.—F. E.
MILNE, Joshua, an eminent actuary and writer on the theory and practice of life assurance, was born in 1776. He was well educated, and became an excellent mathematician and a good linguist. In 1816 he was appointed actuary of the Sun Life Assurance Office, a position the duties of which he performed with distinction for more than thirty years. In 1815 he published his well-known "Treatise on the Valuation of Annuities and Assurances on Lives and Survivorships, on the construction of Tables of Mortality, and on the probabilities and expectations of life, with a variety of new tables." For the various calculations of the actuary Mr. Milne invented a system of notation which was long of very great service, though now in many cases superseded by others. But perhaps the chief merit of his work was the publication and adaptation of the Carlisle Tables of Mortality. Previously the payments for life assurance and annuities had been chiefly framed on and regulated by the old Northampton tables of Dr. Price, which gave for most ages too high a rate of mortality. The consequence was, that life assurance premiums were fixed at too high, and the payments for life annuities at too low a rate. Since the publication of Mr. Milne's work, the Carlisle tables have been adopted by many offices, and the whole subject of the rate of mortality has been investigated anew with great advantage to life assurers.—F. E.
* MILNE-EDWARDS, Henri, a celebrated French naturalist, was born at Bruges in 1800. His father was an Englishman. He prosecuted his studies in Belgium, and took the degree of doctor of medicine at Paris. He devoted his attention specially to natural science, and in 1838 was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences in the room of Frederick Cuvier. He acquired the title of doctor of science, and in 1841 was chosen to fill the chair of entomology at the Garden of plants. In 1844 he became adjunct-professor of zoology and comparative physiology. The subject of materia medica also engaged his attention, and he was appointed a member of a commission to organize higher schools of pharmacy. He is an officer of the legion of honour, and a member of many scientific societies in Europe. He has contributed articles to many periodicals such as the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, and the Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle. Among his writings may be enumerated the following—"Physiology and Comparative Anatomy of Man and Animals;" "Natural History of the Invertebrata;" "Elements of Zoology;" "Observations on Crustacea, Ascidea and Polyps;" manuals of materia medica, and of surgical anatomy, &c.—J. H. B.
MILNER, Isaac, younger brother of the historian of the church, was born near Leeds in 1751. Interrupted in his studies by the death of his father, he was then employed at the loom until his brother received him as an usher in the grammar-school of Hull. Going to Cambridge, he was senior wrangler in 1774. Master of Queen's college in 1788, he was twice vice-chancellor, in 1792 and 1809. Becoming intimate with Wilberforce, who introduced him to Pitt, he travelled with them both on the continent about 1787; and he died at the former's house at Kensington Gore, 1st April, 1820. He continued his brother's work, besides writing an essay on human liberty, and various polemical productions.—W. J. P.
MILNER, Joseph, the church historian, was born in humble life near Leeds, 2nd January, 1744. He was educated at the free grammar-school of Leeds, and by the kindness of some friends who had observed his talents, he was enabled to enter Catherine hall, Cambridge, where he took the degree of A.B. in 1766, and gained the second of the chancellor's gold medals for classical proficiency. He next officiated as assistant in the grammar-school in which he had been educated, and then as a curate at Thorpe Arch, near Tadcaster. It was about 1770 that he became a decided member of the evangelical party. In 1780 he was inducted vicar of North Ferryby, and shortly before his death on 15th November, 1797, he was elected vicar of Hull by the corporation. Besides two volumes of posthumous sermons and other smaller publications, Joseph Milner began to publish a "History of the Church" which was completed by his brother the dean of Carlisle, 1794-1812. The dean also edited a complete edition of his elder brother's works in eight volumes, 1810. Milner's history is not a record of heresies, schism, and persecution, but takes special notice of the life of the church, and the growth of genuine piety within it. Not content with picturing the trunk and branches, it exhibits also the core.—J. E.
* MILNES, Richard Monckton, Baron Houghton, poet and politician, was born in 1809. He was the son and heir of the late Mr. Robert Pemberton Milnes of Freyston hall, Yorkshire, the representative of an old and opulent Yorkshire family. Educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1831, Lord Houghton made his début in literature by the publication in 1834 of "Memorials of a Tour in some parts of Greece, chiefly poetical;" and in 1837 he entered the house of commons as member for Pontefract, which he continued to represent till he was made a peer in 1863, under the title of Baron Houghton. His second volume of poetry, "Memorials of a Residence on the Continent, and historical poems," was published in 1838—the year also of the appearance of his "Poems of Many Years." of which the grace, delicacy, and thoughtfulness were immediately recognized by critics and a select section of the reading public. Of his other volumes of poetry (which has been freely contributed to periodicals and annuals), the most noticeable is his "Palm Leaves," 1844—a musical reflex of what is most attractive and venerable in Eastern life and thought, and in every way contrasting with such works as the Orientales of Victor Hugo. In prose. Lord Houghton has contributed to the Westminster and Edinburgh Reviews, and published several political pamphlets. His only book of prose is his genial and sympathetic biography of an ill-fated brother-poet, "The Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats," 1848. He entered the house of commons as one of the followers of Sir Robert Peel; and like some of the most distinguished of them, subsequently ranged himself under the banner of a liberal conservatism or conservative liberalism. He was a pretty frequent speaker in the house of commons, with most effect on social questions, or on those which connect themselves with the growth of freedom on the continent. In a graceful epigraph to one of his volumes of poetry. Lord Houghton defined his own relation to his contemporaries as one not of ambition or antagonism, but such that men of all parties, and even, it is said, of all classes, "their neutral way to his seclusion found."—F. E.
MILO, Titus Annius, a name famous in Roman history, was tribune of the people in 57 b.c. He was then much in debt, being a man of riotous and profligate life; and with the hope of obtaining some lucrative office in the state, he attached himself to the party of Pompey. Under his influence he took a prominent part in obtaining Cicero's recall from exile, and in other public measures. To secure the favour of the populace, he exhibited ædilitian games of unusual magnificence, 54 b.c. He also set up a band of gladiators as a body-guard, and frequent conflicts took place between those wretches and the
