of memoirs in the Abhandlungen of the Berlin Academy, and in Poggendorf's Annalen, Mitscherlich published a very excellent treatise on chemistry (Lehrbuch der Chimie) 1829-40; fifth edition, 1856. He died on the 1st of September 1863.
MITTERMAIER, Karl Joseph Anton, an eminent German writer on jurisprudence and political economy, was born at Munich on the 10th August, 1787, and devoted himself to the study of law at Landshut and Heidelberg. In 1809 he commenced lecturing in the former university, and in 1819 was called to a chair at Bonn, and two years later transplanted in the same capacity to Heidelberg. At the same time he was repeatedly elected a member, and afterwards president of the Baden diet, in which capacity he proved himself a pillar of constitutional liberty, and greatly contributed towards the reform of criminal law. In 1848 he was a member of the Frankfort national assembly, where he joined the party of H. von Gagern, but seceded after the refusal of the imperial crown by the king of Prussia. Among his numerous works we must mention his "History of the English Constitution," 1849; and his "Englisches, Schottisches, und Nordamerikanisches Strafverfahren," 1851.—K. E.
MOAWIYAH I., the first caliph of the family of Ommiyah, reigned from 661, when he compelled Hasan to abdicate, till 679, when he died, more than seventy years old. He first made the caliphate hereditary, securing the succession to his son Yezid; he was a virtuous and able prince, though remarkable for gluttony.—Moawiyah II., the son of Yezid just mentioned, was the third caliph of the house of Ommiyah; he retained the government only six weeks. He died shortly after his abdication in 683.—D. W. R.
MOCENIGO or MONCENIGO, a noble Venetian house, one of the twelve called apostolic. Seven doges of this family ruled in Venice; of whom the following list is compiled in accordance with Vapereau's Dictionnaire des Dates, where it slightly differs from Blair's Chronological Tables:—
Tommaso, born in 1343; succeeded 7th January, 1414; died 15th April, 1423. He was the last doge whose election was ratified by the popular voice. Against Sultan Mahomet I. and Louis patriarch of Aquileia, Mocenigo waged successively two triumphant wars; but at the age of eighty, when the question of hostilities against Visconti of Milan was mooted in the council, he recommended peace in words full of eloquence and wisdom. Under his rule Venice attained the height of her wealth; and he it was who, purposing to rebuild the ancient ducal palace, caused to be borne before him into the senate the fine incurred by such a proposal.
Pietro, succeeded 16th December, 1474; died 23rd February, 1476. He fought the battles of Catharine Cornaro, queen of Cyprus and adopted daughter of St. Mark; but whether his protection was a boon may be questioned, as when reinstated in her kingdom, little remained to Catharine but the title of queen.
Giovanni, brother of the preceding, born 1408; elected 18th May, 1478; died of the plague 5th November, 1485. He took the reins of government at a period when plague, famine, and the Turkish sword were all arrayed against Venice. Ill able to contend single-handed with so many foes, on the 26th January, 1479, he made peace with Mahomet II.; with whose successor, Bajazet II., he subsequently renewed the treaty.
Luigi I., succeeded in May, 1570; died 4th June, 1577. In his reign (August, 1571) the island of Cyprus, annexed to the republic by his ancestor, Pietro Mocenigo, fell after an obstinate resistance under the Ottoman dominion; but Venice triumphed over the Turk in the Gulf of Lepanto.
Luigi II., succeeded 20th July, 1700; died 6th May, 1709. He persuaded his countrymen to maintain a strict but armed neutrality during the war of Spanish succession. In his days occurred that memorable frost, unparalleled since the year 896, when the lagoons were bound by ice several inches thick.
Sebastiano, brother of the preceding, succeeded 28th August, 1722; died 21st May, 1732. He vainly endeavoured to re-establish the bygone glory of Venice.
Alvisio, born 19th May, 1701; succeeded 19th April, 1763; died 31st December, 1778. Venice being no longer warlike but mercantile, such of necessity was her ruler; his tactics were displayed and his victories won on the field of diplomacy. Powder, however, was woefully smelt in his day. On 18th August, 1769, a powder magazine at Brescia was struck by lightning and exploded, to the overthrow of the town and destruction of its inhabitants.—C. G. R.
MOCETTO, Girolamo, one of the earliest Italian engravers, was born at Verona about 1454. He was a pupil of Giovanni Bellini, and painted in the manner of his master; but very few of his pictures remain. He is now chiefly known as an engraver. Mocetto is the earliest Venetian engraver whose name is appended to a print. He engraved from the designs of Andrea Mantegna and his master Bellini, with a certain rude vigour and facility. Among the best of his prints are a "Virgin in Glory," and a "Judith with the Head of Holofernes." Lanzi says that he did not live to the sixteenth century; but a series of views of Nola, engraved by him, were not published till 1513.—J. T—e.
MOCHNACKI, Maurice, a Polish patriot, was born in 1804 at Bojaniec in Galicia. He was studying law when he undertook with a friend the publication of a literary journal, to which Lelewel, Mickiewicz, and other able writers contributed. He was on the point of being admitted as an advocate, when he was arrested for being connected with secret political societies. He was sentenced to the singular punishment of working in the gardens of the Grand-duke Constantine. In the revolution of 1830 he bore an influential part, and was wounded in the battle of Ostrolenka. After the taking of Warsaw he retired into France, and died at Auxerre in 1834. He published at Warsaw in 1830 an able sketch of Polish literature, and at the time of his death was engaged on a history of the Polish revolution, of which two volumes appeared at Paris in 1834.—R. H.
MOEHLER, Johann Adam, a catholic theologian of the present century, was born in the year 1796 at Igersheim in Franconia, twenty miles from Wurtzburg. His father was a substantial innkeeper. He received his early education at the gymnasium of Mergentheim and the lyceum of Ellwangen, proceeding in 1815 to the university of Tübingen, where he entered the ecclesiastical seminary. After taking priest's orders in 1819, he officiated as assistant-vicar in various parishes in Wurtemberg. But the bias of his mind to study was irresistible; and in the autumn of 1820 we find him again at Tübingen teaching the classics. Being appointed privat-docent in theology, he was enabled by the liberality of the government to spend more than a year in a literary journey to the different German universities. Up to this time he had leaned slightly towards neological opinions; but the intercourse with other minds to which this tour gave occasion, particularly the influence of Plank, a protestant theologian at Göttingen, completely re-established his orthodoxy. His first work, "Unity in the Church, or the Principle of Catholicism," appeared in 1825; and in the following year he was appointed professor extraordinary at Tübingen. For the next ten years he continued in the indefatigable discharge of the duties of his chair, gaining each year a stronger hold on the love and admiration of his pupils, and extending his theological reputation to all parts of Germany. The biography entitled "Athanasius the Great," appeared in 1827. In 1832 he gave to the world the great work of his life in the "Symbolik, or exposition of the doctrinal differences between catholics and protestants, as evidenced by their symbolical writings." This book caused a profound sensation in the theological world of Germany, and was soon translated into several languages. The excellent English translation by Mr. Robertson is prefaced by a valuable introductory memoir. After having refused the repeated offers of more than one German government, Möhler in 1835 accepted the invitation of the king of Bavaria to fill a theological chair at Munich. But his health began to fail in the following year; and after having tried in vain the effect of removal to a milder climate, he was attacked by a hectic fever which turned to typhus, and died at Munich in April, 1838.—T. A.
MOESER, Justus, a German political character and writer of eminence, was born at Osnabrück, 14th December, 1720. After a careful education he studied law at Jena and Göttingen, and at the same time acquired an extensive and intimate knowledge of modern classics. He then settled in his native town as an advocate, and by his ardent patriotism, his manly independence, his trustworthiness and disinterestedness, won the highest respect and the lasting affection of his compatriots, who as early as 1747 elected him "advocatus patriæ," as the office was styled in the antiquated language of the time. He died deeply lamented January 8, 1794. His "History of Osnabrück" is a model of local history, and his "Patriotische Phantasien" are still reckoned among the choicest specimens of German prose. His complete works were edited by B. R. Abeken, 1842-43, 10 vols. In 1836 a monument was erected to his memory in his native town.—K. E
