willing to approach the court and pay homage to the king. Soon, however, he found that the proud, powerful, and treacherous De Medicis did not so soon abandon the designs of hostility. He therefore repaired to his province, and placed himself at the head of the "politiques"—a political party composed of discontented catholics, who were not disinclined to make common cause and common defence with the great body of southern Calvinists. He foiled and repulsed the royal troops sent against him, and reigned like a monarch in Languedoc—levying troops, erecting fortifications, and in all respects making himself master for the time being, and real arbiter of the miserable strife between the hostile sects. On the death of Henry III., he proclaimed Henry IV. in all his towns, and rendered important services to the more liberal monarch, who rejoiced to honour him by entitling him his "compeer." In 1593 he received the sword of constable. He died on the 1st of April, 1614, at the town of Agde. In youth Montmorenci was one of the gallantest and handsomest of French cavaliers; an adorer also of Mary Queen of Scots, when the early death of Francis II. had bequeathed to her so vast a heritage of mischief and misfortune He followed her into Scotland when the jealousy of the Medicis forced her to quit the soil of France. Mary, it would seem, was not insensible to his devotion, and would have married him had he not been already wed. It was of him that Henry IV. jestingly said—"I shall succeed in everything by means of a constable who cannot write, and by means of a chancellor (Sillery) who does not know Latin." He was thrice married.—P. E. D.
MONTMORIN, St. Herem Armand Marc, Comte de, a minister of Louis XVI. Secretary of state at the opening of the states-general, he was dismissed and recalled with Necker. A man of no energy, and easily led, he seems to have been alternately favourable to the court party and to that of the Revolution. He joined the jacobins, and was expelled as a traitor to the society. His attachment to the king occasioned his arrest in 1792, and after defending himself at the bar of the legislative assembly, he was condemned, and suffered death on the 2d September. M. Ferrand, in his Théorie des Revolutions, thus concludes his notice of Montmorin:—"He was, without knowing it, one of the great agents of the Revolution; and he assisted to destroy both the monarch and the monarchy, though he would willingly have sacrificed his life to save either."—W. J. P.
MONTMORT, Pierre Remond de, a French mathematician, was born in Paris in 1678, and died there on the 7th October, 1719. About 1700 he obtained the appointment of a canon of Nôtre-Dame, which he resigned in 1706 in order to marry a lady to whom he was attached. He inherited from his father a considerable fortune, of which he availed himself to publish scientific works by various authors at his own expense. His most important original work was an essay on the application of mathematics to games of chance. He was a member of the French Academy of Sciences and F.R.S. He commenced a history of geometry, which was unfortunately lost.—W. J. M. R.
MONTORSOLI, Fra Giovann' Agnolo, a celebrated Italian sculptor, was born at Montorsoli about 1497. A scholar of Andrea da Fiesole, he found employment at Rome under Michelangelo, who was greatly pleased with his character and abilities, and became his warm friend. After working awhile at Perugia and Volterra, he formed the resolution of devoting himself to the cloister, and entered in October, 1530, the order of the Servite monks in the monastery of the Nunziata at Florence. The monks employed him in restoring the wax models in their cloisters of the Medici family; but he was soon called away to Rome, having been recommended by Michelangelo to Pope Clement VII. to restore various ancient monuments in the Belvedere; among others, the right arm of the Laocoon, and the left arm of the Apollo. Thence he went to complete the sculptures in the sacristy and library of San Lorenzo at Florence; and afterwards, by the advice of Michelangelo, proceeded to Paris, but left without executing the statues for which Francis I. had given him a commission. Returning to Italy he executed numerous works at Venice, Padua, Mantua, Rome, and Florence; the tomb of J. Sanazzaro at Naples; the statue of Andrew Doria (commenced by Bandinelli), and other works at Genoa; and the great fountain at Messina. At this last city he also constructed the church of San Lorenzo; a chapel in that of San Domenico; a lighthouse, an aqueduct, &c. From Messina he was recalled in 1557 to his convent by a decree of Pope Paul IV., which commanded ecclesiastics to resume their religious habits; but he was shortly after sent to complete the high altar of the church of his order at Bologna, a work of great magnificence. In 1561 he designed and built at his own cost a handsome sepulchre in the chapterhouse of the Nunziata for the Brotherhood of Artists, an institution still existing in the Academy of Florence, and which owes its resuscitation mainly to the exertions of Montorsoli. He died August 31, 1563, and was buried with great solemnity in the sepulchre he had built, a funeral oration being delivered over the body by Michelangelo.—J. T—e.
MONTPENSIER, Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans, Duchesse de, known as Mademoiselle, was born at Paris, 29th of May, 1627. She was the daughter of Gaston d'Orleans and of Marie de Bourbon. Much of her life was wasted, much of her energy and talent was warped, in the constant search for a husband. At first there was an idea of marrying her to her cousin, Louis XIV., and at another time she had a prospect of becoming queen of Spain. Foiled in this by Mazarin, she conceived a deadly hatred for the cardinal, and, during the troubles of the Fronde, was one of his most active opponents. Her life was a busy, but an unhappy one. Baffled in most of her schemes, she was ill-treated even by her father, and sought by restless activity to escape from the contemplation of her sorrows. At the mature age of forty-two, she conceived a violent passion for the Comte de Lauzun; in November, 1670, she asked permission from the king to wed him, and strange as the marriage was, Louis XIV. consented. In the following month he retracted his permission, and in 1671 Lauzun was imprisoned. A secret marriage had been contracted, but its precise date is still a matter of controversy. During her late years. Mademoiselle devoted herself to pious exercises, which she continued until her death. This took place on the 5th March, 1693. In her last sickness she did not care to see Lauzun. She left Mémoires: negligent, often inaccurate in style; tediously minute in unimportant details; throughout egotistical, occasionally tiresome; they are still not without weight and value, as illustrating the troubled life she led.—W. J. P.
MONTROSE, J. G., Marquis of. See Graham.
MONTUCCI, Antonio, philologist, born at Siena in 1762; died in the same city in 1829. Having successively professed English in the Collegio Tolomei, and been invited as Italian tutor to Wedgewood's establishment of New Etruria, Staffordshire, he during his residence in England, applied himself to the study of Chinese, and afterwards pursued the study in Paris, Berlin, Dresden, and Prague. Besides other publications, Montucci issued an Italian version of our Book of Common Prayer, and Urh chihtszeteen, &c., a work interesting to Chinese students.
MONTUCLA, Jean Etienne, a distinguished historian of mathematics, was born at Lyons in 1725, and died at Versailles on the 18th of December, 1799. He was educated at the Jesuit's college of his native city, and afterwards studied law at Toulouse; and going to Paris to complete his studies, became one of the editors of the Gazette de France. He possessed two gifts which are rarely united—a talent for mathematics, and a taste and capacity for the acquisition of languages; and the union of these fitted him specially for the task which he undertook of writing the history of mathematics. The first edition of that remarkable work, which has ever since been the chief authority on the subject of which it treats, was published in 1758. From 1761 until the time of the Revolution he occupied a series of official posts, employing his leisure in mathematical studies. The last undertaking of his life was the preparation of a new and greatly enlarged edition of his "History of Mathematics," which he did not live to complete. It appeared in four volumes, in 1799, 1800, 1801, and 1802. The last two volumes were edited, and a great part of the last volume written, by Lalande. Montucla was a member of the Academy of Sciences of Berlin, and one of the original members of the Institute.—W. J. M. R.
* MONVOISIN, Pierre-Raymond-Jacques, French historical painter, was born at Bordeaux in 1793. A pupil of Guerin, his earlier works were chiefly from classic history and mythology, and of the huge dimensions in which French painters so commonly delight, as "Telemachus and Eucharis," 1827, ten feet by eight, which was engraved by Laurichon. Later he painted subjects from ecclesiastical and national history, as "St. Gilles surprised by the Goths," twelve feet by ten, for the church of St. Leu; "the Duke of Orleans taking possession of the Palais Royal;" an Assumption, &c.; some genre pictures and portraits.
