lege, Cambridge. He was appointed bishop of Llandaff in 1595, and bishop of St. Asaph in 1601. He died in 1604.—D. W. R.
* MORGENSTERN, Christian Ernst Bernhard, a celebrated German landscape painter, was born at Hamburg in 1805. He studied under Professor Suhr and S. Bendixen. In 1829 he entered the Munich academy, and afterwards travelled in Italy, France, &c. His landscapes are representations of the grander and wilder scenes of nature very carefully executed, such as the forests of Norway, the Falls of Schaffhausen, &c. He has executed some lithographs and a few etchings.—J. T—e.
MORGHEN, Raphael Sanzio, Cav., an eminent Italian engraver, was born at Florence, June 19, 1758. The only son of Filippo Morghen, an engraver of reputation at Naples, he was carefully trained by his father; engraved several small landscapes when only twelve years old; and at the age of twenty executed some plates of the Carnival so successfully that his father determined to place him with G. Volpato of Rome, the most eminent engraver of the time. He made rapid progress under Volpato, assisted him in some of his plates from Raphael, and married his daughter. Among the earliest of the prints engraved by Raphael Morghen at Rome on his own account were Raphael's Poetry and Theology; but his reputation was secured by his large plate, after the Aurora of Guido, completed in 1787. The Aurora has always maintained its celebrity; but it is not one of Morghen's best prints; the plate was injured by being retouched in the school of Volpato. In 1793, after having declined the offer of a handsome annuity to settle in Naples, he accepted the invitation of the grand duke of Tuscany, who offered him a pension of six hundred scudi, with permission to engrave any plates he pleased for his own benefit, if he would open a school of engraving in Florence. He accordingly removed there; there completed the prints which placed him by general consent at the head of the living engravers of Europe; and there died on the 8th of April, 1833. Raphael Morghen's most famous prints are the Transfiguration, after Raphael; and the Last Supper, after Leonardo da Vinci. The former was that on which he was longest engaged; but the latter is his masterwork. Morghen was unquestionably one of the greatest engravers of modern times. His style is large, grand, and brilliant, but very unequal, and marked by many peculiarities; and his drawing is often inaccurate. The value attached to early impressions of his best prints will be seen, when we state that at the sale of the prints of the late Mr. J. Johnson of Oxford (April, 1860), a proof before letters of the Last Supper, with a plate left white—an oversight afterwards rectified—sold for £316; an Aurora for £50; and a Transfiguration for £24. In a notice of the Life and Works of R. S. Morghen, published during his life by his pupil Palmerini, a list is given of two hundred prints by him.—J. T—e.
MORHOF, Daniel Georg, an eminent German scholar, was born at Vismar, 6th February, 1639. He was educated in his native town and at Stettin, and devoted himself to the study of law and classical literature in the university of Rostock. To a ludicrous Latin poem on the death of a stork he afterwards owed the chair of poetry in this university, from which, however, he was transplanted in the same capacity to the newly-founded university of Kiel. In 1680 he was also nominated librarian to this university. He died on returning from the wells of Pyrmont at Lübeck, June 30, 1691. Morhof was a scholar of the most extensive and solid learning, who by his "Polyhistor," Lübeck, 1688, laid the foundation for literary history in Germany. "His erudition," says Hallam, who on the whole speaks very highly of Morhof, "is so copious, that later writers have freely borrowed from the 'Polyhistor,' and in many parts added little to its enumeration. But he is more conversant with writers in Latin than the modern languages, and in particular shows a scanty acquaintance with English literature. The precise object of the 'Polyhistor' is to direct, on the most ample plan, the studies of a single scholar. In matters of taste, however, Morhof is of no great authority." Besides this work, he published a German grammar and some German and Latin poetry of inferior value.—K. E.
MORICE, Peter, a Dutch engineer, erected in 1582 the first machinery used for supplying London with water. It consisted of a pumping-engine for raising water from the Thames at London bridge, and was driven by the action of the tidal currents on water-wheels.—W. J. M. R.
MORIER, James, diplomatist and novelist, born about 1780 of a Swiss family settled in England, was appointed early in the present century secretary of embassy in Persia. He published in 1812 a "Journey through Persia," &c., followed in 1818 by a "Second Journey," &c., and in 1824 by that exquisite picture of Persian life, character, and manners, "The Adventures of Haji Baba," by far the best of oriental novels. "Haji Baba in England," "Zohrab the Hostage," "Ayesha the Maid of Kars," all decidedly inferior, were among the other fictions of Mr. Morier, who appears to have died in England about 1849.—F. E.
MORILLO, Pablo, a Spanish general, born in 1777. He served at first in the navy, and fought at the battle of Trafalgar. In the war of independence he commanded a guerilla corps. In 1815 he was sent out with ten thousand men to subdue the insurgent colonies of South America, and obtained signal successes at Cartagena, Bogata, and Ocaño. Bolivar, however, succeeded in establishing a provisional government in Barcelona, and in 1817 Morillo suffered a severe defeat on the banks of the Orinoco; but suddenly rallying his forces he landed on the island of La Marguarita, which he subdued. Returning to the mainland, he conquered Marino, near the river Cariaca. In 1820 he returned to Spain and joined the constitutional party, being intrusted with a command against the French. When the cortes decreed the deposition of Ferdinand VII. he refused to acknowledge it, and signed an armistice with the French general Bourke. He died in obscurity in France in 1838.—F. M. W.
* MORIN, Arthur Jules, a distinguished French military engineer and man of science, was born in Paris on the 17th of October, 1795. He was educated at the polytechnic school, and at the Ecole d'Application of Metz; and in 1817 he entered the corps of military engineers, in which he has since risen by degrees to the rank of general of division. In 1829 he was appointed to lecture on applied mechanics at Metz; and in 1839 he became professor of industrial mechanics at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. In 1843 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences. He superintended the arrangements of the French department of the International Exhibition of London in 1851; and in 1855 he had the chief control of that of Paris, as president of the committee by whom it was managed. In 1852 he became director of the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. In 1854 he was appointed a commander of the legion of honour. He is the author of many experimental investigations of the greatest importance in practical mechanics, and of a complete series of treatises on the various branches of that science, which are of very high authority.—R.
MORIN, Jean, a learned priest of the Oratory, was born at Blois in 1591. He was brought up a protestant, and was sent to study in the university of Leyden; but on his return to France he abjured the doctrines of the Reformation, having, it is said, been first shaken in his protestant belief by the controversial excesses which he had witnessed in Holland between the Gomarists and the Arminians. The Cardinal Duperron completed his conversion, and in 1618 he entered the congregation of the Oratory, then recently founded For some time he was superior of the college of Angers, and in 1625 was chosen one of the twelve priests of the Oratory who were to act as chaplains to Henrietta of France on her marriage with Charles I. But this scheme proved a failure, and he was obliged to recross the Channel to France. He settled in the house of St. Honoré in Paris, and there he resided for the rest of his life. He interested himself in the conversion of the Jews, and in that of his former coreligionists; and his biographers tell us that in many cases he was successful. He became famous for his erudition in matters of ecclesiastical discipline, and many bishops and assemblies of the clergy consulted him on these subjects. Several of his works treated of them, and in a spirit of greater freedom than was usual among Roman divines. He distinguished himself highly as a biblical critic. He preferred the text of the Septuagint to the Hebrew original—a singularity of opinion which involved him in controversy with the Hebraists, in particular with Simeon de Muis. He is regarded as the restorer of the ancient Samaritan language, of which he managed to acquire a knowledge without a master. The first fruit of his studies on this subject was his "Exercitationes Ecclesiasticæ in utrumque Samaritanorum Pentateuchum," Paris, 1631. He founds upon two copies of the Samaritan Pentateuch which he had before him, and which he maintained to be the same which had been cited by Jerome and Eusebius. He preferred the text of these manuscripts to that of the Hebrew Bible, which he persisted in maintaining to have been corrupted by the Jews. In 1645 appeared the Paris Polyglott, which contained the Samaritan Pentateuch, edited by
