on all who refused to believe in them. One of their chief doctrines was that God had a quasi-human body, founding on the text, "God created man in his own image." But the chief article of their creed was the prophetic character and mission of Reeve and Muggleton. Reeve died in 1658, Muggleton in 1697 Muggleton made many disciples, and a faith in him was actually alive in 1846. In 1832 some fifty or sixty believers subscribed to reprint and publish "The works of J. Reeve and Muggleton," and so late as 1846 a treatise by one of the two, "The Divine Looking-glass," was reprinted under the same auspices. In the blue book of the census of 1851, devoted to religious statistics, we do not, however, find any mention of a congregation of Muggletonians. Were the subject a less serious one, Muggleton's autobiographical "Acts of the Witnesses," previously referred to, would be amusing, in its blending of the highest spiritual pretensions with the most prosaic details of the life of a London tailor.—F. E.
* MUIRHEAD, James Patrick, may be called the official biographer of James Watt, of whose discoveries he is also the illustrator. In 1839 he published a translation, with notes, of Arago's éloge on Watt, and in 1846 he edited, with an introduction (supporting the claims of Watt to the discovery) the "Correspondence of the late James Watt on his discovery of the theory of the composition of water "Watt's son contemplated the publication of his father's specifications, and engravings were prepared for the work. Loss of sight prevented the younger Watt from executing this design, which, with his father's papers, he bequeathed to his friend and executor, Mr. Muirhead, who, besides being a kinsman of the Watts, was a son-in-law of Boulton. Accordingly, in 1854, appeared Mr. Muirhead's work, "The Origin and Progress of the Mechanical Inventions of James Watt, illustrated by his correspondence with his friends, and the specifications of his patents," in three volumes, quarto, and a perfect storehouse of facts in Watt's biography and the history of the steam-engine. Remodeling the biographical section of his work, Mr. Muirhead published it in 1850 as the "Life of James Watt." Mr. Muirhead also printed in 1857, a volume entitled "Winged words on Chantrey's woodcocks," consisting of verses written by many contributors, to celebrate a happy shot of the sculptor's when, on a visit to Mr. Coke of Holkham, he brought down two woodcocks at one fire.—F. E.
MUIS, Simeon de, was born at Orleans in 1587. In 1614 Louis XIII. appointed him royal professor of Hebrew at Paris, and he vindicated the fitness of the appointment by displaying not only an almost unrivalled erudition in that particular language, but also eminent talent and faculty as a critic. In 1644 he died. His "Commentary on the Psalms" is esteemed by the learned as one of the very ablest productions of its class. Amongst his other writings may be mentioned, a "Collection of Pieces of Hebrew Poetry," 1628, and "Varia Sacra in Pentateuchum," &c., a series of notes on difficult passages in the Old Testament, from the book of Genesis to that of Joshua. His writings were collected together after his death, and published in folio volumes under the title of "Simeonis de Muis Opera Omnia," 1650.—W. J. P.
MULCASTER, Richard, born at Carlisle of an ancient family, was educated at Eton and at King's college, Cambridge. He subsequently removed to Oxford, and was elected in 1555; he became famous for his proficiency in Eastern literature, and in 1561 was appointed master of Merchant Taylors' school, then just founded. Here he remained twenty-six years, and was then translated to St. Paul's school, from which he retired at the end of twelve years to the rectory of Stamford Rivers in Essex. He had previously, in 1594, been collated to a stall in the cathedral of Sarum. Mulcaster died in 1611. He was a severe disciplinarian, but the boys, whom he handled smartly loved him none the less when they grew up. As a Greek and Oriental scholar, a writer both of Latin and English, and no less as a devoted adherent of the reformed faith, he deserves honourable mention. Besides some metrical pieces, such as some verses spoken before Elizabeth at Kenilworth in 1575, and some addressed to her majesty in praise of her musical skill, Mulcaster' wrote a work entitled "Positions wherein those primitive circumstances be examined which are necessary for the training up of Children either for Skill in their Book or Health in their Bodie," London, 1581-87. Of this work, "The first part of the Elementarie which entreateth chiefly of the right writing of the English Tung," 1582, would appear to be the second part.
* MULDER, G. J., a celebrated Dutch chemist and physiologist now occupies the situation of professor of chemistry at Utrecht. He has devoted special attention to the application of chemistry to animal and vegetable physiology, and has produced a standard work on that subject, which has been translated into English by G. D. Fromberg. In this work he enters into the subject of the nutrition of plants and animals, the structure of their tissues, the chemical constitution of their proximate principles, and the nature of the nitrogenous substance which he called protein. Much discussion has arisen in regard to protein, and its existence has been doubted by Liebeg and others. Notwithstanding this, there can be no doubt that Mulder's discoveries have led to most valuable results, and to the development of principles which have an important bearing on physiology.—J. H. B.
MULINARI or MOLINARI, Stefano, an eminent Italian engraver, was born at Florence about 1740. He was the pupil of A. Scacciati, whom he assisted in engraving the well-known series of prints from the fine collection of drawings belonging to the grand-duke of Tuscany. Of the hundred prints fifty-one were engraved wholly by Mulinari, after Scacciati's death. On the completion of this series he produced, 1775, another of fifty plates from drawings, also in the Florence Gallery, by the early masters from Cimabue to Pietro Perugino; and this was succeeded by an equally valuable series illustrative of the five schools of painting in Italy, "Saggio delle Cinque Scuole di Pittura Italiana," 1780, and embracing examples of all the great Italian masters. Mulinari died in 1790.—J. T—e.
MULLER, Andrew, was born at Grieffenhagen in Pomerania in 1630. Acquiring great erudition as an Oriental scholar, he was invited to England by Walton to assist him in the production of the Polyglot Bible. On this work and on Castell's Lexicon he laboured with remarkable diligence for ten years, and then returning to Germany, finally fixed himself at Stettin. He died in 1694. A selection from his writings was published at Frankfort-on-the-Oder in 1695, under the title "Mulleri Opuscula nonnulla Orientalia."—W. J. P.
* MÜLLER, Charles Louis, known as Müller of Paris, a French historical painter, was born at Paris, December 27, 1815, and studied under Cogniet and in the École des Beaux-Arts. M. Louis Müller is much esteemed as a portrait painter, as well as a painter of sacred and secular history. Among his chief works of the latter order are, a "Christ's Entry into Jerusalem," painted for the government; "Massacre of the Innocents;" "Macbeth," purchased for the Luxembourg; "Vive l'Empereur! episode du 30 Mars, 1814," and "l'Appel des Victimes"—companion works of very large proportions; with several from classical and ecclesiastical history and legend. M. Müller has great facility of composition, is a good draughtsman, and is scrupulously careful as to the accuracy of his costumes and accessories; but he is a bad colourist, and his conception of a subject is thoroughly artificial. In 1850 M. Müller was appointed art-superintendent of the Gobelin works, an office he retained about three years. At the Exposition Universelle of 1855 he was awarded a medal of the first class. In 1849 he was created knight, and in 1859 officer, of the legion of honour.—J. T—e.
MÜLLER, Christian Friedrich von, one of the most distinguished of modern German engravers, was born at Stuttgart in 1783. By his father, J. G. von Müller, the celebrated engraver, he was carefully instructed not only in engraving, but in all those branches of art which bear upon it; and his preliminary training being completed, he was sent at the age of nineteen to Paris to study the wonderful collection of paintings then brought together in the Louvre from all parts of the continent. His diligence and his singular genius well seconding the judicious course of study marked out for him, his progress was very rapid and very remarkable. He had engraved several portraits, when in 1808 he commenced at Paris St. John writing the Apocalypse, after Domenichino, which at once placed him far above his father. This was followed by an exquisite plate of Adam and Eve, after Raphael; when he received a commission to engrave the famous Madonna di San Sisto, of Raphael, in the Dresden Gallery. He removed to Dresden in 1814, and was appointed professor of engraving in the Academy. All his time and thoughts were now given to the completion of his great plate. He finished it early in April, 1816, and sent it to Paris to be printed, but he did not live to see a proof of it. Always of a feeble constitution, the close application and anxiety had been more than his strength
