Danish sovereign with the rank of captain in the royal navy. He subsequently visited England, and died at Paris in September, 1742. The fruit of his tour in Egypt made its appearance posthumously in two folio volumes published at Copenhagen, but in the French language. These volumes contain a valuable series of maps and plates, with plans and sections of the temples and pyramids, and also Norden's journal of his travels. The work derives considerable importance from the fact, that its author was "the first traveller who explored Egypt as an artist." It has been translated into English.—J. J.
NORIS, Arrigo or Enrico (for which "religious" name he exchanged his baptismal name of Girolamo), in Latin, Norisius, a learned cardinal born in Verona, 29th August, 1631, his father being a man of letters; died of dropsy 22nd February, 1704. The current story that his family was of Irish origin appears to be incorrect, as the race has been traced back in the territory of Bergamo to the beginning of the thirteenth century. Noris was an Augustinian, and a most laborious student, writing upon religious, chronological, and other learned questions. His first work, the "History of Pelagianism," published in 1673, is also the most noted; having raised up against Noris pertinacious charges of heresy, which have, however, been silenced by papal decrees. The "Annus et Epochs Syro-Macedonum," 1689, is likewise most learned and of high repute.—W. M. R.
NORMANBY, Constantine Henry Phipps, first marquis of, son of the first earl of Mulgrave, was born at Mulgrave Castle, Yorkshire, in 1797. Educated at Harrow and at Trinity college, Cambridge, he graduated M.A. in 1818. and in the same year entered the house of commons as member for Scarborough. His parliamentary politics were actively liberal, the very reverse of those of his father to whom he owed his election, and in 1820, accordingly, he resigned his seat. He returned to the house of commons the same year, as member for Higham Ferrers, which he exchanged for Malton in 1826, representing the latter borough till 1830; and in the meantime producing several novels of fashionable life, such as "Matilda," 1825; "Yes and No," 1828, which were popular in their day. On the death of his father in 1831 he succeeded to the earldom of Mulgrave, and having distinguished himself as a vigorous liberal and economist, he was appointed by the whig ministry in 1832 governor of Jamaica, which, on the eve of slave emancipation, was in a state of anarchy. His government was successful, and after superintending the first working of the emancipation act. Lord Mulgrave returned to England in 1834. In the following July he was appointed lord privy seal, and in January, 1835, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, an office which he retained for more than four years, with the approbation of O'Connell. In 1838 he was created Marquis of Normanby. From September to December, 1839, he was secretary of state for the colonies, and from December, 1839, till September, 1841, he held the seals of the home office. On the return of the whigs to power, he was appointed ambassador to Paris, where he remained until February, 1852, when he was recalled by Lord Derby's ministry. From December, 1854, till March, 1858, he represented England at the court of Tuscany. In 1857 he published his interesting work, "A Year of Revolution," reminiscences of the embassy at Paris from the eve of the breaking out of the revolution of 1848, to the election of Louis Napoleon as president. After the war in Italy, Lord Normanby made himself conspicuous as the champion of some of the dispossessed Italian sovereigns, with whom he had become familiar during his residence at Florence. Hence his pamphlets—among others, "the Congress and the Cabinet," 1859; "An Historical sketch of Louise de Bourbon, Duchess-Regent of Parma," 1861, &c. He was married in 1818, and died in 1863.—F. E.
* NORRIS, Edwin, a distinguished ethnologist and philologist, is a native of Taunton, where he was born in 1795. After filling a post in the East. India house, he was appointed, from his philological attainments, assistant secretary to the Royal Asiatic Society, of which he became principal secretary in 1856. Mr. Norris is the editor of the Ethnographical Library, and of the fourth edition, 1855, of Prichard's Natural History of Man. His linguistic attainments are singularly varied. He is the official translator of the foreign office, is at home not only in the languages of Europe, but in those of Africa and of the South Sea islands, besides being decipherer of the cuneiform inscriptions. Among the most interesting, though not the most important of his publications, is the "Ancient Cornish Drama," Oxford, 1859, an edition and translation of some mysteries or miracle plays, illustrating the condition and culture of the Cornish Celts of the fifteenth century, the text being the most considerable relic of the Cornish language. Of his more recondite attainments there are ample evidences in the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society. The important work of which the trustees of the British Museum commenced the publication in 1861, a "Selection from the Historical Inscriptions of Chaldea, Assyria, and Babylonia," states on its title-page that it was "prepared for publication by Major-general Sir H. C. Rawlinson, assisted by Edwin Norris."—F. E.
NORRIS, John, a theologian and philosopher of the mystical type, and the most noted English disciple of Malebranche, was born in Wiltshire in 1657. His father was rector of Aubourne or Aldbourne in the county of Wilts. The recluse life of this philosopher was for the most part spent in the peaceful seclusion of a rural English parsonage, and he occupies a distinguished place among the speculative divines of the Anglican church. He was trained in Winchester school, and passed from thence to Exeter college, Oxford, which he entered in 1676. A few years afterwards he was elected a fellow of All Souls. At Oxford he devoted himself to study; and extending his learning beyond the usual academical routine, he became familiar with the works of the masters of ancient philosophy, and especially of Plato. The Recherche de la Verite of Malebranche, published in 1674, then a philosophical novelty, was especially attractive to the meditative melancholy of Norris, who passed readily from the company of Plato to that of the eloquent philosopher of France. To his influence he soon surrendered himself. After some ten years of mystical meditation at Oxford, Norris was presented to the rectory of Newton St. Loe in Somersetshire, when he married and resigned his fellowship in All Souls. A few years later he became rector of Bemerton, near Salisbury, once the home of George Herbert, and where Arthur Collier, the English idealist and rector of Langford Magna, was one of his ecclesiastical neighbours. Norris died in 1711, in his fifty-fourth year, at Bemerton, where his remains rest in the chancel of the church. This metaphysical ecclesiastic was a voluminous writer, and appeared as an author in early life. In 1682 he translated into English, under the title of "The Picture of Love unveiled," a philosophical poem, the Effigies Amoris, in which love is represented as the one essential natural principle. His peculiar genius is further developed in a tract published in 1683, on the "Idea of Happiness," which describes divine meditation, distinguished from mere morality, as the essence of a happy life on earth. The same speculation is further pursued in his "Theory and Regulation of Love," and his "Reflections on the conduct of human life, in a Letter to the Lady Masham" (the friend of Locke), published in 1688 and 1690. In this last year he appeared as a philosophical critic (moved thereto by the Essay of Locke, which had just been given to the world) in a tract entitled "Cursory Reflections upon a book called an Essay concerning human understanding." Locke's meaning is in some instances mistaken, but ingenious speculations are suggested by this his earliest critic. In particular, he defends the hypothesis of unconscious mental states, maintaining that "there may be an impression of ideas without any actual perception of them." But the philosophical master piece of Norris, to which he devoted many years of his life, was not published for more than ten years after the "Reflections," and like them, it was occasioned by Locke's Essay, the increasing popularity of which induced him to devote his strength to an exposition of the principles he had learned in the school of Plato, St. Augustin, and Malebranche. The first part of this work, entitled "An Essay towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible world," appeared in 1701, in which the world of Ideas is considered absolutely in itself. It was followed three years afterwards by the second part, in which the same world is viewed relatively to human understanding. This treatise is the theme of one of the posthumous works of Locke, who was naturally repelled by his own clear and logical temper from the reveries of a devout transcendentalist. The theory of Malebranche and Norris was charged in England with an affinity to quakerism, and Norris thought himself obliged, in two treatises, to disconnect himself from "the men of the new light," though he owns that if the Quakers really understood their own opinions, and could resolve them into a philosophical principle, their system would not much differ from his own. Norris is the author of many other works, theological and philosophical, including letters, devotional pieces,
