O'CONNOR, Arthur, a lieutenant-general in the French service, was born in Ireland in 1767. Though a protestant he early distinguished himself by his ardour in defending the rights of the Irish catholics, and became a leading member of the Society of United Irishmen. In 1797 he was arrested and tried on the capital charge of high treason, but was acquitted. Being again in danger of arrest he took refuge in France, and obtained a commission in the French army. He wrote "The State of Ireland," privately printed in 1798, and "The Present State of Great Britain," 1804. He married the only daughter of Condorcet, and died 25th April, 1852.—R. H.
O'CONNOR, Charles, D.D., librarian to the duke of Buckingham, was distinguished as a literary antiquary. In 1796 he published the first volume of a biographical and genealogical work, relating to Charles O'Connor of Belanagare, the author of Dissertations on the History of Ireland. No second volume was published, and the first having become very rare, is supposed to have been suppressed. Between 1810 and 1816 he published "Columbanus ad Hibernos, or seven letters on the present mode of appointing catholic bishops in Ireland." Although a zealous catholic, he opposed the ultramontane party and incurred the hostility of many of his Irish fellow-priests. He reveals in one of these letters the singular fact, that during the life of the Stuarts the head of that family nominated the Roman catholic bishops of Ireland for the approval of the pope. This privilege was exercised until the death of Cardinal York. In the duke of Buckingham's library O'Connor found the materials for his admirably edited work, "Rerum Hibernicarum Scriptores," which was published at the expense of the duke, in 4 vols. 4to, 1814-26. He compiled a catalogue of the manuscripts in the Stowe library, 2 vols. 4to, 1818-19. The manuscripts have since then been purchased by the earl of Ashburnham.—R. H.
OCTAVIA, daughter of C. Octavius and sister of the Emperor Augustus, was first married to C. Marcellus, and afterwards to M. Antony the triumvir. Having lost her first husband about the time when Fulvia, Antony's wife, died, 41 b.c., Octavianus and Antony became reconciled by the marriage of Octavia to the latter. If any woman could have withdrawn the affections of Antony from Cleopatra, Octavia appeared to be the most suitable for that purpose; she possessed all the accomplishments, virtues, and beauty that could have been found in a Roman lady of the time. But though she charmed her husband for a while and led him to forget Cleopatra, the novelty wore off, and the licentious husband longed for his former mistress. Octavia accompanied him in his expedition to the East as far as Corcyra; whence she was sent back to her brother, under the pretext of not imperilling her health and life amid the disasters of war. The Roman triumvir hastened to the arms of Cleopatra, and forgot his noble wife, who resolved to set out to her husband with reinforcements and money, hoping to extricate him from the toils in which a lascivious woman had again entangled him. But when she got as far as Athens, Antony ordered her to return, which she did accordingly; though the troops and money were generously forwarded to him. After coming back to Rome, it was her brother's wish that she should leave her husband's house and reside with him; but this she declined. She attended faithfully to her domestic duties, while the husband was acting so meanly and cruelly towards her. When the war between him and Augustus began, 32 b.c., Antony sent her a bill of divorce. The children of her husband were carefully educated and tended after their father's death; and even those he had by Cleopatra she did not neglect. She died, 11 b.c., and was buried with public honours; her brother pronouncing the funeral oration. Octavia had five children; three by Marcellus, and two daughters by Antony. She was a noble-minded woman, a faithful and devoted wife, who deserved a different husband from the profligate Antony. But her happiness was sacrificed to political measures; and Rome witnessed the spectacle of the self-sacrificing wife, displaying a magnanimity and constancy in her affection worthy the best times of the republic.—S. D.
OCTAVIA. See Nero.
ODENATUS. See Zenobia.
ODEVAERE, Josephus Dionisius, a distinguished Flemish historical painter, was born at Bruges, October 2, 1778. He studied in the Bruges academy, where in 1796 he obtained the first prize. He then went to Paris and became a pupil of his countryman Suvée. In 1804 he obtained the grand prize in the Académie des Beaux-Arts for his picture of the death of Phocion, and with it a right to study in the French academy at Rome for five years. Odevaere proceeded to Rome in 1805. David being then at the head of the academy, Odevaere became his pupil and adopted his manner. He stayed at Rome eight years. The picture which in pursuance of the established regulations he had sent to the French Academy, "The Death of Charlemagne," was much admired, and on his return to Paris he received a gold medal from the hands of the Emperor Napoleon I. Odevaere settled for a while at Bruges, and at once obtained numerous commissions. In 1814 he finally established himself in Brussels. He was created court painter by the king of the Netherlands, for whom he in 1815 painted a large picture of the Peace of Utrecht, and in the following year one (24 feet by 16) of the Battle of Waterloo. This last was exhibited in the principal towns of the kingdom, and secured the artist a high position with the public, as well as many marks of the royal favour. Numerous other large pictures of a similar order, several altarpieces for churches in the Netherlands, and various gallery pictures of scriptural subjects, were painted by him during the remaining years of his active life. During his life he was by common consent regarded as the greatest recent historical painter of the Flemish school; but his reputation has since fallen with that of the manner he had adopted. He died at Brussels in February, 1830. Many of his most celebrated pictures have been engraved in the "Annales du Salon de Gand," or separately.—J. T—e.
ODILLON-BARROT. See Barrot.
ODILO (Saint), son of Beraud, lord of Mercoeur, was born in Auvergne in 962. Aspiring after a life of perfection, he determined to become a monk, and entered the benedictine abbey of Clugni in 991. So great was his reputation for learning and sanctity, that before the completion of his term of probation, St. Mayeul the abbot fixed on him to be his successor, and Odilo was inaugurated in 994. Under the government of this model of the monastic virtues, whose time, when not occupied in the duties of his station, was wholly spent in devotion and study, the monastery of Clugni became one of the most celebrated in Europe. The Emperor Henry sought his acquaintance, and he corresponded with the kings of France, Burgundy, Navarre, and Poland. Presented with a crown of gold, he sold it in a time of scarcity to relieve the necessities of the poor. He was offered the archbishopric of Lyons, which he refused, in spite of the solicitations of people and clergy. He died in 1048. He was the author of biographies of St. Adelhaide and Mayeul. Duchesne has published a volume of his sermons and hymns in the Bibliotheca Cheniacensis.—D. G.
ODINGTON, Walter. See Walter of Evesham.
ODO, called also Odoardus, was one of the most learned men of France in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. He was a monk of the abbey of St. Martin at Dornich, where he gave instruction to his order in the scholastic theology, and in 1105 he was made bishop of Cambrai; but declining to receive investiture from Henry IV., he was driven from his bishopric, and withdrew to the cloister of Anchin, near Douay, where he died in 1113. He was a linguist and a philosopher, as well as a dogmatic divine. He was the author of a Tetrapla upon the psalms, exhibiting the sacred text in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and French—a remarkable work for the time. In philosophy he was a realist, and this philosophical creed had a powerful influence upon his theology. His "Treatise on Original Sin," and his "Dialogue on the Doctrine of Satisfaction," are both highly worthy of attention in tracing the course of dogmatic history. In the former he differs from Augustine on some points of importance, though agreeing with him in the main; and in the latter work he defends the doctrines of Anselm. His "Opuscula Sacra" are contained in vol. xv. of the Bibliotheca Patrum Colon., 1622.—P. L.
ODO of Kent or Cantianus, flourished in the reign of Henry II., and was prior of Canterbury at the time of Thomas à Becket's violent death. The king, it is said, fearing the election of a successor to Becket who would keep up the turbulent spirit of the clergy, requested Odo to propose and support a man of the king's choice. The prior, faithful to his order, refused to comply. In 1175 he was made abbot of Battel in Sussex. His monument there was still preserved in the time of Henry VIII., and was seen by Leland. He is supposed to have died about the year 1200. See an account of his writings in Dart's Canterbury Cathedral.—R. H.
ODOACER, king of Italy, was of barbarian extraction, being the son of Edeco, chief of a tribe of Scyrri, who had been an
