of concord, and abridged and continued the Magdeburg Centuries. Died in 1604.—Andrew, son of Luke, born in 1562, was chancellor at Tübingen, and published a Latin version of the Bible, with notes. Died in 1617.—Luke, another son, born in 1571, was also professor and chancellor at Tübingen, a violent partisan, and a virulent opponent of Arndt. He wrote "De Omnipræsentia hominis Christi," "De Communicatione idiomatum." Died in 1638. The version of the Latin Bible ascribed to Andrew Osiander is by some authorities ascribed to his father Luke, as also an "Institute of the Christian Religion."—Another, Osiander, John Adam, born in 1626, was a preacher and professor of theology, and in the end chancellor of Tübingen. Died in 1697.—His son of the same names was a physician—died in 1708—and was famous in his day.—The son of this last, of the same names too, died in 1756.—John, son of the first John Adam, a philologist, died in 1724—J. E.
OSMAN. See Othman.
OSMUND (Saint), son of the count of Seez, was a native of Normandy. When he came into possession of his patrimonial estates, he devoted the greater part of his revenues to the relief of the poor and the service of the church. Osmund possessed a great knowledge of letters, and was largely endowed with prudence and talents for war. On the invasion of England he accompanied the Conqueror, who rewarded his services by creating him count of Dorset, chancellor, and bishop of Salisbury, the cathedral of which he built or completed. He is chiefly remembered in church history for the corrections he made in the liturgy of his diocese, which, under the designation of the Use of Sarum, became general throughout the kingdom. He died in 1099, and was canonized by Calixtus III.—D. G.
OSORIO, Geronimo, a learned Portuguese divine, born at Lisbon in 1506, and educated at Paris, Salamanca, and Bologna. He was afterwards professor of divinity at Coimbra and bishop of Sylves. He visited Rome in 1576, where he was received with distinction by Gregory XIII.; but he died soon after his return to Portugal, 1580, it is said of a broken heart, caused by the disastrous fate of King Sebastian's expedition against the Moors. His most important works are—"De rebus Emmanuelis regis invictissimi virtute et auspicio domi gestis, lib. xii.—Item, cum præfatione Johannis Metelli, de reperta India;" "Epistola ad Elizabetham, Angliæ Reginam," 1555, which was answered by Walter Haddon, master of requests, and Osorio wrote a rejoinder; "De nobilitate civili et de nobilitate Christiana;" "De Gloria;" "De justitia cœlesti," addressed to Cardinal Pole; and "De vera sapientia," addressed to Gregory XIII., besides a number of commentaries on scripture. His works were collected by his nephew, and published with a memoir, at Rome, 1592.—F. M. W.
OSSAT, Arnaud d', born of poor parents, near Auch, in 1536, was early left an orphan. He was servant to a young nobleman, with whom he studied, and became his teacher. He was sent to college, where he studied law and afterwards practised as a pleader, but gradually rose in position and dignity until he was made a bishop and a cardinal, for having effected the reconciliation of Henry IV. to Rome. He died in 1604. He wrote a reply to Jacob Carpenter, and letters.—B. H. C.
OSSIAN. See M'Pherson.
OSSOLI, Sarah Margaret Fuller, Marchioness of, was born May 23, 1810, at Cambridge Port, Massachusetts. Her father, an active politician and a thorough scholar, educated her himself; committing, as she says, the error of "thinking to gain time by bringing forward the intellect as early as possible; "and she began to read Latin at six years old. The consequence was an overwrought nervous system, and a self-centred, somewhat dogmatic habit of mind. At a very early age she was acquainted with the masterpieces of German, Italian, and Spanish literature. In 1834 her father removed to Groton in the same state, and while busily fulfilling household duties, she undertook the education of four pupils, and carried out a course of study which, as her biographer remarks, reminds us of Gibbon. In 1835 her father died, and in order to fulfil the duties thus devolving on her, she sacrificed her long-cherished hope of a voyage to Europe, and the proposals which were made to her of congenial literary work. She became a teacher in Mr. Alcock's school in Boston, and in 1837, principal of a new school at Providence, Rhode Island. It was about this time that she formed an intimate friendship with Emerson, Channing. and the leaders of the new transcendental philosophy; and in 1840 she became the editor of the Dial, and one of the contributors. Some of her papers on the fine arts have been republished. She also wrote an account of a summer tour, entitled "Summer on the Lakes." When the Dial ceased, she became a principal literary contributor to the New York Tribune, under the editorship of Mr. Horace Greeley. She also gave vent to her slowly-formed convictions in a work entitled "Woman in the Nineteenth Century." In the spring of 1846 she visited England, and made the acquaintance of Mazzini, Carlyle, Wordsworth, and other distinguished persons. In France she met George Sand. Thence she made the tour of Italy, and the art-treasures of Rome excited that passionate love for the Eternal City, which soon found a more practical expression. She formed an attachment to the Marquis Ossoli, the younger son of a noble family high in the confidence of the papal government, to whom she was married in December, 1817. He was some years her senior, and without any strong intellectual characteristics; but the marriage was nevertheless a happy one. In order to save the property of the marquis, the union was kept secret, even from her mother, for a year after the birth of her son. When the revolution broke out, she renewed the intimate friendship she had formed with Mazzini, and while her husband fought nobly in the liberal cause, she took charge of one of the hospitals, which she conducted with the most self-sacrificing courage, and with constant judgment. After the fall of Rome, she spent the happiest few months of her life at Florence, with her husband and child. In May, 1850, they all embarked on board the Elizabeth to return to the United States. The vessel was wrecked on Long Island, July 16, 1850, and all three perished—only the lifeless body of little Angelo came to land. With them, also, were destroyed the materials she had accumulated for a history of the great events in which she had borne a part. The memoir of Margaret Fuller Ossoli, by Emerson, W. H. Channing, and J. F. Clarke, is a model of sympathizing, yet critical biography.—F. M. W.
OSSUNA, P., Duke de. See Giron.
OSTADE, Adrian van, one of the cleverest in colour and light and shade of the Dutch genre painters, was born at Lübeck in 1610, studied painting under Frans Hals at Haarlem, settled in Amsterdam, and died there in 1685. His figures are ugly, and his subjects, like those of his friend Brouwer, are generally vulgar tavern scenes, &c., which, however, does not in any way interfere with their popularity among collectors of Dutch pictures. Adrian also etched a few plates.—Isaac van Ostade, the younger brother and pupil of Adrian, was born at Lübeck in 1617, and painted in the same style as his brother, and occasionally also landscapes. He died at Amsterdam in 1671. His pictures are not common, but some of the best of them are in this country, where the richest buyers have developed the best market for such works. Cornelius Dusart was a scholar and imitator of Adrian Ostade.—(Notice des Tableaux da Musée d'Amsterdam.)—R. N. W.
OSTERVALD, John Frederick, was born at Neufchâtel in 1663, of an ancient and respectable family, and enjoyed high educational advantages. His father, who was a minister of that city, sent him to Zurich to study the ancient languages and German, and afterwards to Saumur, Orleans, and Paris, to study philosophy and theology. After his father's death he completed his theological studies in Geneva under Tronchin, and was ordained at Neufchâtel in 1683, before he had completed his twentieth year. In 1686 he was made deacon, in 1699 pastor, and he was afterwards very often elected dean of the clergy of Neufchâtel. He devoted his whole life to the religious and moral welfare of his native city. His ministry lasted for upwards of sixty-three years. He was struck with palsy in the pulpit, and he died in 1747, in his eighty-fourth year. His writings were numerous, and several of them were translated into English, German, and Dutch. The first of the series gave tone and direction to all the rest. It was published anonymously at Neufchâtel and Amsterdam in 1700, under the title of "Traité des sources de la corruption qui regne aujourd'hui parmi les chrestiens," which was translated into English in 1702. It is an earnest pleading for the practical side of religion, as distinguished from the dogmatic. Religion, he urged, had run too much into doctrinal formulæ and controversies; living faith was better than dead dogmas, and duty was as indispensable as belief. Dogmatism did more harm to religion than freethinking itself. Ostervald's own dogmatic views were anything but decided, and he drew upon himself the censure of Philippe Naudé of Berlin, and
