arrived with the rest of the army, and completed the celebrated victory which led to the treaty of peace at Tilsit. Oudinot became governor of Erfurth in 1808. In the following year, at the head of his formidable vanguard, he vanquished the Austrians at Pfaffenhofen, entered Vienna, aided in obtaining the victory of Wagram, and was raised to be marshal of France and duke of Reggio. In 1810 he took possession of Holland upon the defection of the emperor's brother, Louis Bonaparte, and governed it for a short period. Oudinot afterwards filled a conspicuous place in the campaigns in which France was engaged. After the capitulation of Paris he took service under Louis XVIII., who nominated him to some honourable commands, and Oudinot from that time adhered to the Bourbons. In 1823 Oudinot was at the head of the army in Spain, when it entered Madrid without striking a blow. In 1842 he became governor of the Invalides, and was otherwise liberally rewarded by the crown for his numerous services. He died September 13, 1847.—His eldest son, * Nicholas Charles Victor, was born at Bar-le-duc, November 3, 1791. He served Napoleon I. in 1805 as page at the congress of Erfurth, and soon after entered the army, with which he took part in several of the principal campaigns up to 1814. He subsequently rose into prominent military command under the Bourbons, and distinguished himself in Algeria. Upon the establishment of the republic Oudinot was elected to the legislative assembly, and commanded the army sent to Rome in 1849 to support the authority of the pope. He eventually returned to his duties as a legislator, and was one of the two hundred and twenty members who joined in protesting against the coup d'état of December, 1851. He is the author of several works on military questions, and established a newspaper to discuss similar topics.—H. F.
OUDNEY, Walter, an African traveller, was by profession a naval surgeon, and was residing in Edinburgh in 1820, where and when he first directed the attention of Captain Clapperton to the subject of African exploration. Strongly recommended to Lord Bathurst, Oudney was appointed consul at Bornou, and his friend Clapperton received permission to accompany him. A sketch of their expedition is given in the memoir of Clapperton. Cold, operating on a frame in which lurked a tendency to consumption, brought Oudney to the grave. He died at Murmur on the 12th of January, 1824. In the Annual Obituary for 1825 there is an interesting letter from Clapperton descriptive of Oudney's death and burial.—F. E.
OUDRY, Jean Baptiste, animal painter, was born at Paris in 1686, was taught painting by his father, and afterwards studied in the school of Largilliere. He became a master painter in 1708, and was first distinguished as a portrait painter; he then painted fruit pieces, but eventually acquired his great reputation by his pictures of animals. He was, however, elected a member of the Royal Academy of Paris in 1719 as a historical painter. He became a professor in 1743, and was awarded apartments in the Louvre by Louis XV., for whom Oudry painted several admirable pictures of dogs and other animals. He was also director of the tapestry factories of Beauvais and the Gobelins. He died at Beauvais in 1755.—(Villot, Catalogue du Louvre.)—R. N. W.
OUGHTRED, William, an eminent English mathematician, was born at Eton on the 5th of March, 1574, and died on the 30th of June, 1660. In 1610 he was appointed rector of Albury in Surrey. His most important work was his "Arithmeticæ in numeris et speciebus institutio"—a treatise on arithmetic and algebra, published in 1631, which contributed much towards the advancement of those sciences. Most of his other writings, so far as they are extant, are contained in a volume published at Oxford after his death.—W. J. M. R.
OUSEL, OISEL, or L'OISEL, Philippe, was born at Dantzic in 1671 of a French family. After studying at several continental colleges with success, he came in 1697 to England to visit the great libraries. In 1706 he began to study medicine in Holland; in 1711 he was pastor at Leyden, and in 1717 pastor and professor at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. He died in 1724, leaving several works which prove his attainments in Hebrew and other oriental literature.—B. H. C.
* OUSELEY, Sir Frederick Arthur Gore, Baronet, professor of music in the university of Oxford; son of Sir Gore Ouseley, Bart., was born in 1827, and early distinguished as a musical wonder. All that the Hon. Daines Barrington has recorded in the Philosophical Transactions of the precocious talents of Mozart, of Crotch, and of the two Wesleys, ceases to surprise when compared with what is known of Ouseley's childhood. The Harmonicon for May, 1833, in noticing a march composed by him when only six years old, mentions him in the following manner:—"We can speak of the extraordinary, the unexampled genius of this little boy, on the authority of a gentleman, in whose report we place the most implicit confidence. He has received no instructions in music, and though taught by himself to play with considerable skill on the pianoforte, does not know his notes on paper, and trusts to his sister for writing down what he composes. He improvises entire scenes, singing to his own accompaniment, the latter often exhibiting harmony the most recherché, chords that an inexperienced musician only uses with caution; but these are always introduced and resolved in a strictly regular manner, not by rule, for he has learnt no rules, but by the aid of a very surprising ear, and of some faculty, which, for want of a better term, we will call intuition. His organ of hearing is so fine, that with his eyes closed, he instantly names any musical sound produced; and so discriminating is this sense in the child, that when a note is struck on an instrument tuned either above or below the usual pitch, he immediately discovers, and accurately states in what the deviation consists. A chord of four notes having been sounded, he named each note exactly, though at some distance from the instrument, and with his back turned to it. Before he had attained his eighth year, this active-minded child composed an entire operetta, "L'Isola Disabitata" of Metastasio. At the usual age, young Ouseley entered the university of Oxford, and as a student of Christ church became famous for his classical attainments, as well as for his wonderful musical abilities. In December, 1853, he composed an oratorio, "The Martyrdom of St. Polycarp," which was performed before the university for his doctor's degree. In April, 1855, upon the death of Sir Henry Bishop, he was chosen musical professor in the university, an office which he continues to exercise with credit to himself, and honour to his alma mater. Sir Frederick is also precentor of Hereford cathedral; and in his zeal for the welfare of the church, has built and endowed a collegiate church at Tenbury, which was consecrated in 1856.—E. F. R.
OUSELEY, Sir Gore, diplomatist, was the son of Captain Ralph Ouseley of Limerick, where he was born in 1769. Created a baronet in 1806, in 1810 he was sent as ambassador to Persia. While there he protected, at Shiraz in 1811-12, Henry Martyn the missionary, who had gone to Persia partly with the object of revising and completing his Persian translation of the New Testament. Sir Gore Ouseley presented the MS. to the Biblical Society of St. Petersburg, by whom it was printed. He died in England in 1844.—F. E.
OUSELEY, Sir William, younger brother of the preceding, was born in 1771. Entering the army as a cornet in the 8th dragoons, he devoted his leisure to the study of the Oriental languages, especially of Persian. He had seen active service under the duke of York, when he resigned his commission and resumed his Oriental studies. In 1795 appeared his "Persian Miscellanies, an essay to facilitate the reading of Persian manuscripts," followed by other contributions, original and translated, to the knowledge of the East and its literature. In 1800 he was knighted by the lord-lieutenant of Ireland. In 1810 he accompanied as private secretary his brother to Persia, to which circumstance we owe his "Travels in Various Countries of the East, more particularly Persia," 1831. He edited in 1834 Burckhardt's Arabische Sprüchworte, and died at Boulogne in 1842. There is a memoir of him, with a tolerably complete list of his writings, in Dod's Annual Biography for 1842.—F. E.
OUTRAM, Sir James, first baronet, a distinguished Anglo-Indian official, was the son of an eminent civil engineer, the late Benjamin Outram, Esq. of Butterley hall, Derbyshire, where he was born in 1803. Educated and distinguishing himself at Marischal college, Aberdeen, he went to India as a cadet in 1819, and after being lieutenant and adjutant of the 23d Bombay native infantry, he commanded, organized, and disciplined the Bheel corps. After the capture of Cabool, he attracted the admiration of India by his daring pursuit of the fugitive Dost Mahomed, and, says one of his admirers, his chivalrous bearing in the field had procured for him throughout India the title of the Bayard of the East. He was British resident at Hyderabad when the war of 1843 against the Ameers of Scinde broke out, and he distinguished himself in the contest, although opposed to the annexation of Scinde which followed it. He succeeded Sir
