lieutenant to Dublin at the close of 1830, and in a difficult contest with O'Connell won even the admiration of his opponents. From 1846 to 1852 he was again master-general of the ordnance. He died at London on the 29th April, 1854. Gallant, chivalrous, disinterested. Lord Anglesea was the beau-ideal of an English soldier. In politics he was thoroughly liberal. To his exertions mainly Ireland owes the Board of Education, and when the whig leaders thought a fixed duty a great concession, he was for a total repeal of the corn-laws.—F. E.
* PAGET, James, one of the most distinguished surgeons and pathologists of the present day, was born at Yarmouth. He received his professional education at Bartholomew's hospital, where he highly distinguished himself in the class examinations of 1835-36. In the latter year he became a member of the College of Surgeons, and soon after commenced giving an extra-academical course of lectures. He was subsequently elected to the lectureship on physiology at St. Bartholomew's, and in 1847 was appointed assistant-surgeon to the hospital. Soon after he was chosen professor of anatomy and surgery to the Royal College of Surgeons, in which capacity he delivered a course of lectures on surgical pathology, which largely added to his reputation. He was the first warden of the medical college founded in connection with St. Bartholomew's hospital; on retirement from which office he was presented with a public testimonial from upwards of seventy of his pupils and friends. In 1857 he delivered the Croonian lecture before the Royal Society, "On the cause of the rhythmic motion of the heart." In the following year he was appointed surgeon to the queen, on which occasion he received a congratulatory address from the mayor and town council of his native town. He is a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, a fellow of the Royal Society, and surgeon to St. Bartholomew's hospital. He is the author of the "Pathological Catalogue of the Museum of the College of Surgeons;" "Lectures on Surgical Pathology;" and of numerous papers in the publications of the Royal and Medico-chirurgical Societies.—F. C. W.
PAGGI, Giovanni Battista, a celebrated Italian painter, was born at Genoa in 1554 of a noble family. He received a superior general education; in painting his master was L. Cambiaso. In 1580, when he was already rising into celebrity, he in an unfortunate brawl killed a man, and fled in consequence to Florence, where he remained till 1600 when he was recalled to Genoa. In Florence he had acquired a high reputation, especially as a colourist; his most esteemed works being a Transfiguration in the church of St. Mark, and a Saint Catherine in the cloister of Sta. Maria Novella. After his return to Genoa his example gave a great impetus to the Genoese school. Paggi's chief works in Genoa were the "Murder of the Innocents," in the Doria palace, and an "Annunciation" and a "Sta. Veronica" in the church of S. Bartolomeo. He also painted three excellent pictures of the Passion for the Certosa at Pavia. Paggi is chiefly known as a painter, but he is said to have been also an architect and a sculptor. He also etched a few plates, and published a "Diffinizione o sia Divisione della Pittura;" 1607. He died March 10, 1627.—J. T—e.
PAGI, Antoine, born in Provence in 1624, entered a Franciscan monastery at Aries, and was four times provincial of his order. He wrote "Critica Historico-Chronologica in Annales Ecclesiasticos Baronii," &c., of which vol. i. appeared in 1689, and the remaining three volumes in 1705, after his death—edited by his nephew François. He also wrote a work on the emperor-consuls of Rome, which is, like the other, full of valuable materials. He died in 1699.—B. H. C.
PAGI, François, nephew of Antoine, and also a Franciscan, born in 1654 in Provence; studied at Toulon, and became professor of philosophy. He imitated his uncle's love of history, and rendered him good service in his investigations for the great work on Baronius, the three last volumes of which he edited. François Pagi wrote a "History of the Popes," in four vols. 4to, of which the first was published in 1717 and the last in 1747 (by his nephew, Antoine, the second of the name). He died January 21, 1721.—B. H. C.
PAGNINO, Sante or Xantes, born at Lucca in 1466, joined the Dominican order, and devoted himself to the study of ancient languages. He was a teacher at Lyons, where he lived many years and finished his Latin version of the Bible, a work which was patronized by Leo X. It was begun in 1493, and finally published at Lyons in 1528, licensed by the popes Adrian VI. and Clement VII. The merits of this version are variously estimated, but are acknowledged by Jews and Christians. It was the first modern Latin version of the whole Bible ever published, as that of Munster did not come out till 1535. The first edition is nearer to the Hebrew than the reprints (1541-42, and often since—see Masch's Le Long, ii., 473). The other works of Pagnino are—"Institutiones Hebraicæ," 1520; "Enchiridion Expositionis Vocabulorum Haruch," 1523; "Thesaurus Linguæ Sanctæ, seu Lexicon Hebraicum," 1529; "Observationes in Linguam Hebraicam," and an abridgment of the Institutiones, 1528. The "Thesaurus" has been several times printed; the edition of 1575, by Mercer, Chevallier, and Bertram is the best. Buxtorf drew largely from it, and it was abridged probably by Raphelengius in 1570. Pagnino died in 1536.—B. H. C.
PAHLEN, Peter, Baron, governor of St. Petersburg and chief of the conspiracy by which the Czar Paul was dethroned and put to death, belonged to an ancient but poor family of Courland. He was born in 1744, and entering the service young was advanced rapidly by the friendship of Zouboff, one of Catherine's favourites. Paul when grand duke took notice of him, and as soon as he became emperor took Pahlen into his especial favour. The eccentricities of the unfortunate czar, however, greatly irritated his most powerful subjects, and the fatal plot was formed. Paul heard that Pahlen was a party to a conspiracy, and summoned him to his presence. "How could I provide for your majesty's safety," was the ready answer, "if I did not enter into every conspiracy?" Paul thus thrown off his guard, was assassinated on the 23rd March, 1801. Pahlen was dismissed by Alexander to his estate in Livonia, and lived to the age of eighty-two, "gay and pleasant to the last," says Schnitzler. His death took place in 1826.—R. H.
PAINE, Thomas, was born in 1737 in Norfolk, the son of a Quaker father and a Church of England mother. At the age of seven, he says that he seriously called in question the truths of Christianity. He was brought up in his father's trade of stay maker, but until his thirty-seventh year passed a changeful life as privateersman, storekeeper, tobacconist, schoolmaster, exciseman, and pamphleteer. He married twice, losing his first wife by death, and his second by an arranged separation. In 1774 he emigrated to America, bearing a letter of introduction from Franklin, and in Philadelphia obtained immediate employment as a contributor of prose and poetry to the Pennsylvanian Magazine. When the revolution broke out, he wrote his best in favour of American independence. His pamphlet, "Common Sense," advocating separation from the mother-country, though of small literary merit, produced by its timely appearance in January, 1776, a very great effect on the minds of the distracted colonists. In the following December he commenced a series of papers entitled the Crisis, of which he published sixteen numbers, relating to the occurrences of the day, and appealing in hours of defeat and depression to the patriotism of the people. The last number appeared in December, 1783. The extreme deliberation with which these, his best compositions, were produced, was the result of an intellectual sluggishness that offended more ardent revolutionists. His literary success was due to an aptitude for coining popular phrases. The first words of the first number of the Crisis, written two days before the battle of Trenton—"These are times to try men's souls"—became household words with the excitable Americans. For his services Paine was appointed clerk to the committee of foreign affairs from 1777 to 1779, and at the close of the war received three thousand dollars and an estate near New Rochelle, besides some small grants from Pennsylvania and New York. In 1781 he accompanied Colonel Laurens to France and back. In 1787 he sailed again for France, and passed thence into England, where, magnifying his own American achievements, he became a person of importance, and associated with the English liberals of the day. When Burke expressed his opinion of the French revolution in his famous Reflections, Paine published his "Rights of Man," which was extensively read, and procured him the distinction of a trial for sedition. He did not await his trial, but having been elected in September, 1792, by the department of Calais, a member of the national convention, he fled to France. His trial took place in December, 1792, when he was found guilty, and sentenced as an outlaw. His reception at Calais was most enthusiastic. In the French convention he voted for the trial of the king, but not for his death, giving his voice in favour of banishment. On the fall of the Girondins, Robespierre had Paine and other foreigners imprisoned. For
