sidered the Pietà, with Saints Barbara, Sebastian, and Anthony, in the church of Santa Maria Formosa, at Venice.—R. N. W.
PALMA, Jacopo, called the Young, was the son of Antonio, and the great nephew of the elder Palma; he was born in Venice in 1544, and died in 1628. The younger Palma, says Lanzi, was the last of the good age, and the first of the bad, of the Venetian painters. He studied and copied the works of Tintoretto and Titian, in Venice; and those of Michelangelo, Raphael, and Polidoro da Caravaggio, in Rome. Though a painter of the highest abilities, his love of rapidity, and doubtless the example of Tintoretto, led him into a habitually slight and sketchy manner of painting; his works are accordingly very numerous, and though occasionally distinguished by very beautiful form, especially in the modelling of the heads, they are mostly remarkable for their bravura of execution only, wholly wanting even in the common Venetian quality of rich colouring. Venice still abounds in pictures by the younger Palma, and some of the finest are in the ducal palace, as the famous "River Fight, or Quaddro dei Burchi "(Bembo defeating the Milanese near Cremona). He also etched several plates.—(Vasari; Ridolfi; Zanetti.)—R. N. W.
PALMAROLI, Pietro, an Italian painter, who died at Rome in 1828, having acquired a reputation as a picture restorer. He was the first to transfer frescoes from the wall to canvas, and the first picture so transferred is the celebrated "Descent from the Cross," by Daniele da Volterra, formerly in the church of the Trinità de' Monti at Rome, sucessfully removed from its original wall by Palmaroli in 1811. The process is now common, though a very delicate one. Among the pictures successfully restored by Palmaroli are the Madonna di San Sisto, at Dresden, and the fresco of the Sibyls in the church Delia Pace at Rome, both by Raphael.—(Plainer and Bunsen, Beschreibung der Stadt Rom; and the Kunstblatt for 1837.)—R. N. W.
PALMBLAD, Wilhelm Fredrik, an eminent, versatile, and voluminous Swedish author, was born at Liljestad, near Söderköping, on the 16th of December, 1788. He went to study at Upsala, where, having bought the university printing-office, he commenced the publication of a series of works which ultimately revolutionized the whole of Swedish literature. The first number of Phosphorus, a periodical conducted by Palmblad and the great poet Atterbom, appeared in 1810; the Litteratur Tidning (Literary Gazette) followed in 1813; and in those organs war to the knife was waged against the principles of the French school, which then reigned dominant in the literature of Sweden. The Phosphorists (as they were called from the first-named publication), after encountering much hostility, especially from the Swedish Academy, found their labours at last generally crowned with success. They inaugurated the regime of that sounder criticism, those deeper and juster views of the nature of true poetry, that are now recognized as exclusively valid in Sweden, as well as in Germany and England. Palmblad continued to work unweariedly with his pen, and, pursuing also an academical career, was appointed professor of Greek in 1835. In this capacity he translated Sophocles and Æschylus. Besides more solid productions, he also wrote novels which have proved successful, such as "Familien Falkensvärd," and "Aurora Königsmark och hennes Slägt." His great work, however, is his "Biographiskt Lexicon öfver namnkunnige Svenska Män" (Biographical Dictionary of celebrated Swedes), a monument of erudition and untiring industry, and indispensable to every student of Scandinavian literature. Palmblad died on the 2d of September, 1852.—J. J.
PALMELLA, Pedro de Sousa-Holstein, Marquis and Duke of, a Portuguese politician, was born at Turin in 1786, and in 1808 was Portuguese ambassador to the Spanish government then established at Cadiz. He took part in the congress of Vienna in 1814, and that of Paris in 1815; and in 1816 was appointed secretary for foreign affairs to John VI., then residing in Brazil. He came to Paris in 1818, to adjust some differences which had arisen. When the Portuguese revolution of 1823 broke out, Palmella was the bearer of the tidings to the king; and on the re-establishment of the Portuguese constitution, he became president of the council and foreign secretary. In this post he proved a steadfast supporter of the English alliance. The hostility of the Infante Don Miguel led to his being arrested, but he was soon released, and held the portfolios of home and foreign affairs together, in the cabinet of the count of Subserra. On the fall of that ministry, he came to England with the rank of ambassador, but on the death of John I. he again became foreign minister. In June, 1827, he escaped the vengeance of Don Miguel, and presented himself in London as the ambassador of Doña Maria; and when Don Pedro assumed the regency in 1832, Palmella again occupied the same post. In 1833 he accompanied the expedition of Sir Charles Napier to Oporto as the queen's commissioner, and on the assembling of the cortes summoned by Don Pedro, he was created a duke, and placed at the head of the cabinet, jointly with the duke of Terceira. Subsequently he held the portfolio of foreign affairs in the Saldanha ministry (May, 1835); took refuge in England during the revolution of 1836, and returned in 1842 to join the ministry of Costa Cabral and the duke of Saldanha. This cabinet fell to pieces in 1846, and Palmella was for a short time the head of a new administration. But a palace intrigue led to his downfall in October of the same year, when he was replaced by the duke of Saldanha. He died some time afterwards in retirement.—F. M. W.
PALMER, John, the projector of the mail coach system in England, was born in 1742 at Bath, where his father was a brewer. While still a young man he became proprietor of the theatre at Bath, and with characteristic energy strove successfully to break down the monopoly of the two patent theatres in London. In 1768 an act of parliament was passed, enabling the king to grant a patent to the Bath theatre. Palmer's frequent and rapid journeys in pursuit of good players made him acquainted with the wretched state of post communication all over the country. After mastering all the difficulties of the subject, he laid a plan before the government in 1782 for expediting the mails and diminishing the cost of carrying them. His terms were accepted, and he more than kept his word. He was made comptroller-general of the post-office, but the animosity he had excited among persons interested in the old abuses was strong enough to eject him from office. His claims for compensation were long withstood, but at length he obtained from government £50,000. He died at Brighton on August 17th, 1818.—R. H.
PALMERSTON, Henry John Temple, third viscount, K.G., prime minister of Great Britain, was born at his seat of Broadlands, near Romsey, Hampshire, on the 20th October, 1784. Lord Palmerston was the lineal descendant of Anthony Temple, secretary successively to Sir Philip Sydney and to the earl of Essex, and belonged to the family which produced Sir William Temple, the statesman and scholar, and to which the ducal house of Buckingham and Chandos traces its origin. Anthony Temple founded the Irish branch of the family. His son, Sir John Temple, died vice-treasurer of Ireland. Sir Henry Temple, grandson of Sir John, was raised to the Irish peerage in 1722, as Viscount Palmerston and Baron Temple, and Sir Henry's grandson, the second Viscount Palmerston, was the father of the premier. The second Lord Palmerston was made a commissioner of the admiralty in 1766, and was well known in the literary and artistic, as well as fashionable circles of the metropolis. He wrote vers de société; he patronized art and artists; and he was a member of the club founded by Dr. Johnson. The premier was educated at Harrow, whence he was sent, like the marquis of Lansdowne and Earl Russell, to Edinburgh, which with such teachers in its university as Stewart and Playfair, attracted at the beginning of the century young men from every quarter. He finished his education at the university of Cambridge. In 1802, when only eighteen, he succeeded to the Irish peerage on the death of his father. He was left the ward of the first earl of Malmesbury, who is said to have discerned his political promise. In 1806, the year of Pitt's death, he contested unsuccessfully with the marquis of Lansdowne—then Lord Henry Petty, and who had been made chancellor of the exchequer in the ministry of "all the Talents"—the representation of his alma mater, the university of Cambridge. Again in 1807 he repeated the experiment, and again he failed; he was more fortunate on the third trial in 1811, when he was returned for the university, which he continued to represent until 1831. Meanwhile he had entered parliament in 1807 as member for Horsham, and in the same year was made a lord of the admiralty in the duke of Portland's administration. He delivered his maiden speech on the 3rd of February, 1808. Characteristically, it was in opposition to a motion for the production of papers, made the ground of an attack on the expedition against Copenhagen. In 1809 Lord Palmerston was appointed to fill the office of secretary at war—one in which for many years he remained without interruption. Lord Palmerston was not a frequent speaker, confining
