mathematician of his year at Trinity. On taking his B.A. degree in 1813, it is true, he was second wrangler, but the first was Herschel. He was accustomed to say that he would rather be second that year, than first in any other. He gained the second Smith's prize, and in 1814 he obtained a fellowship. As tutor and professor, in which capacities he laboured for twenty-five years, he manifested a sincere interest in the advancement of the students, especially in mathematical learning, while his kindly and cheerful disposition made him universally popular. In 1839, on the recommendation of Lord Melbourne, he was preferred to the deanery of Ely. Among his many useful labours, none serves as a more appropriate monument of his talents, taste, and energy, than the splendid restoration of the cathedral. He bore an active part in the discussions on university reform, and was a member of the royal university commission at the time of his death, which occurred on the 8th November, 1858. Of his published works, a treatise on Algebra; the learned article on "Arithmetic" in the Encylopædia Metropolitana; a "Report on the progress of Analysis;" and an edition of the works of Dr. Thomas Young, with the author's life, deserve especial mention.—R. H.
PEACOCK. See Pecock.
PEAKE, Sir Robert, painter and engraver, flourished in the first half of the seventeenth century. He is first mentioned in a treasury warrant, dated 1612, for the payment of £20 to "Robert Peake, picture maker," for three pictures made for the duke of York (Walpole ii. 19). Peacham, in his Treatise on Drawing, 1634, mentions Peake as then famous for his oil pictures. From a letter of Evelyn to Pepys it appears that Peake kept a print-shop by Holborn Conduit. He published some portraits, prints of architectural ornaments, &c., but whether they were also engraved by him is not certain. The more celebrated Faithorne was his apprentice. Peake, who was a staunch royalist, was knighted by Charles I. in 1645. He held a commission in the royal army as lieutenant-colonel, and persuaded his pupil Faithorne to enlist under him. At the capture of Basing House both master and pupil were taken prisoners. Peake appears to have died shortly afterwards.—J. T—e.
PEARCE, Zachary, Bishop of Rochester, was born in Holborn, London, in 1690, where his father was a distiller. After a course of study at Westminster school he entered Trinity college, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. Through the patronage of Chief-justice Parker he soon got a living in Essex, with the vicarage of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. In 1739 he became dean of Westminster, and nine years afterwards bishop of Bangor. In 1756 he was translated to Rochester, with the deanery of Westminster annexed. The deanery he resigned, much to his honour, in 1768. He published several useful and learned works: "Commentary on the Gospel and Acts;" "Vindication of the Miracles of Christ;" a "New Translation of St. Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians;" "Two Letters to Conyers Middleton;" an edition of Longinus and of Cicero De Oratore and De Officiis. He was a man of great generosity. He enriched a college near his residence with a gift of £5000. The notes in his commentary are short and generally judicious.—J. E.
PEARSON, Edward, D.D., was born at Norwich in 1756, and educated at Cambridge, where he became fellow and tutor. In 1786 he obtained the Norrisian prize, and in 1807 was appointed Warburtonian lecturer at Lincoln's inn. In 1808 he was elected master of Sidney Sussex college and vice-chancellor of Cambridge; and in 1810 christian advocate on the Hulsean foundation. He published a number of separate sermons, tracts on Arminian principles, prayers for families, and treatises on some opinions of Paley. He died in 1811.—B. H. C.
PEARSON, John, Bishop of Chester, was born at the rectory of Snoring, Norfolk, on the 28th February, 1612. Educated at Eton he proceeded on the foundation to King's college, Cambridge. His studies being completed, he was ordained in Salisbury cathedral in 1639. The Lord-keeper Finch, whose chaplain he had become, presented him to the living of Torrington in Suffolk, but he was ejected on the supremacy of the parliamentarian forces. In 1650 he became rector of St. Clement's, Eastcheap, London, and in this situation delivered from his pulpit his famous "Exposition of the Apostles' Creed." After the Restoration he was created D.D. by royal mandate, became Lady Margaret's professor of divinity, archdeacon of Surrey, and received the mastership of Jesus college with the rectory of St. Christopher's, London, and a stall in Ely. In 1662 he was promoted to the mastership of Trinity college, and in 1672 he was preferred to the see of Chester, over which he presided till his death on the 16th of July, 1686. Bishop Pearson's great work is his "Exposition of the Apostles' Creed," published in 1659. It is still reckoned a standard production—sound, laborious, learned, and masterly, indicating great knowledge of the subject, with a power of calm deliberation, and of acute discriminative statement. The treatise is executed on a formal plan—settling and explaining the words of each article—developing at great length the truth asserted, proving it by abundant evidence, and showing its harmony with the other portions of the Creed. The work is at once apologetic, polemical, and practical, and abounds largely in appropriate quotations from the fathers, as it fully enters into the history, variations, denials, and defences of the several doctrines. Pearson's greatest work, his "Vindiciæ Epistolarum S. Ignatii "against Daille, appeared in 1672, and was long reckoned satisfactory. Of these seven Ignatian Epistles—the other eight being given up as w holly spurious—there are two recensions in Greek, a longer and a shorter, the latter on many accounts to be preferred, while even in it Neander, Lechler, and others, admit interpolations. Bishop Pearson's arguments are elaborately critical; but his cause has been damaged by the discovery in 1839 in a monastery of Nitria of a Syriac translation, which contains only three of the epistles, and in a briefer form still. The controversy which Pearson had exhausted has therefore been renewed, such men as Dorner and Rothe virtually holding Pearson's view; such men as Bauer and Hilgenfeld denying the genuineness of all the letters, like Daille, Blondel, and Basnage; and such men as Bunsen, Ritschl, Lipsius, and Dressel maintaining that the Syriac version represents the true form and length of the Ignatian correspondence. Pearson's "Annales Cyprianici"—published with Bishop Fell's edition of Cyprian's works—and his "Annales Paulini," are excellent chronological dissertations. His "Opera Posthuma Chronologica" were edited by Dodwell in 1688, and in 1844 Churton edited "The Minor Works of J. Pearson, in two volumes, with a Life prefixed." His "Orationes, Conciones, et Determinationes Theologicæ" are worthy of being consulted, and so are all his smaller pieces, for, as Bentley said, "Pearson's very dross was gold." Pearson was noted for his humility and piety no less than for his learning. As a bishop he was supposed to be somewhat remiss; but probably his mind had begun to fail before he was raised, late in life, to the episcopate; for as Burnet remarks of him, "his memory went from him so entirely that he became a child some years before he died." He was one of the commissioners at the famous Savoy conference, and was an early promoter of the interests of the Royal Society.—J. E.
PECCHIO, Giuseppe, author and political refugee, born in Milan of a patrician family, 15th November, 1785; died at Brighton, 4th June, 1835. Having studied in the Paduan university, and paid special attention to the subject of finance, he was in 1810 appointed assistant counsellor of state. He subsequently desired, but failed to obtain, a post in the military administration for the disastrous Russian campaign; and in 1814, when the Austrians occupied Lombardy, went out of office. To this period belongs his work, "Dell' amministrazione finanziera dell ex-regno d'ltalia;" and he also contributed articles to the Conciliatore, a periodical first issued in 1818. In 1819 he was chosen deputy to the Milanese congregazione, or provincial assembly; but having taken part in the abortive anti-Austrian movement of 1821, he deemed it prudent to emigrate to Switzerland, whence he passed into Spain and Portugal. The wreck of the Spanish constitution in 1823 was followed by his first visit to England, a land hitherto unknown and unloved, but afterwards dear to him, and chosen as his residence. In 1825 he, with Count Gamba, was appointed by the Philhellenic committee to transport into Greece a loan of £60,000. This office discharged, he returned to England; and having lost all his property by confiscation, earned an honourable livelihood by teaching, first in Nottingham, then in York. In 1828 his marriage with a English lady placed him in easy circumstances. They resided together at Brighton for several years; and his remains were laid at rest in Hove churchyard. He has left many works, amongst which are three small volumes recording his experiences in Spain, Portugal, and Greece; "Osservazioni semi-serie d'un esule sul' Inghilterra," being a foreign picture of English life and manners; "Storia dell' economia pubblica in Italia," perhaps the chief of his Compositions; a life of Ugo Foscolo; and an unfinished critical history of English poetry, dedicated to his wife.—C. G. R.
