Thirty Years' war. The son, after completing his education, and travelling for some time on the continent, settled on his patrimonial estates, but continued also to practise as a physician with great reputation. He was one of a small number of learned Scotchmen, who cultivated literature and science with considerable success about the close of the seventeenth and the commencement of the eighteenth centuries. He was the author of several poems, chiefly of a facetious character, and of a "Description of Tweeddale," published in 1715. He devoted much of his attention to botanical pursuits. Allan Ramsay acknowledges his obligations to him, and the scene of the Gentle Shepherd is on his estate of Newhall. Dr. Pennecuik died in 1722.—J. T.
* PENNEFATHER, Sir John Lysaght, Lieutenant-general, K.C.B., a distinguished military officer, is the son of an Irish clergyman, and nephew of the Irish judge, Baron Pennefather. Born in 1800, he entered the army in 1818, and had reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel, when as brigadier, and under Sir Charles Napier, in 1843, he led the British infantry at the desperate battle of Meanee, which destroyed the power of the Ameers of Scinde. In this engagement he was shot through the body. He was for some time afterwards deputy quartermaster-general in Ireland. A colonel in 1846, he was made a major-general in 1854, when he was appointed to the command of a brigade of the second division in the army sent to the Crimea. He led his regiments with the greatest gallantry at the battle of the Alma, and was highly praised in Lord Raglan's despatch. Through the illness of General Sir De Lacy Evans the command of the second division devolved on him at the battle of Inkermann, where his horse was shot under him. He was made a K.C.B. in 1855, and a lieutenant-general in 1860, and in that capacity commands at Aldershott. Among the honorary distinctions bestowed on him is the grand cross of the legion of honour.—F. F.
PENNETHORNE, James, architect, was born at Worcester, June 4, 1801. In his nineteenth year he entered the office of the celebrated Jolm Nash, with whom he remained about two years, when he served for a similar period with Augustin Pugin. Having made a professional tour in Italy, he in 1828 became principal assistant to Mr. Nash. In 1830 he commenced practice on his own account. Among the earliest of the buildings executed by him were the churches in Albany Street and Gray's-inn Road, London; St. James' Bazaar; mansions at Newmarket, Leicester, Ilminster, &c. Appointed in 1838 architect to the board of trade, and later architect and surveyor of crown lands, and architect to the duchy of Cornwall, he in his official capacity was charged with the carrying out a large number of important metropolitan improvements, including the new Victoria and Battersea Parks; New Oxford Street, Endell Street, and other new thoroughfares; and with the erection of several important public buildings. Among the principal of these are the Record office. Fetter Lane, at present left incomplete; the Museum of Economic Geology, Jermyn Street; the extension of the Ordnance office. Pall Mall; the west wing of Somerset House; new ball and supper rooms at Buckingham Palace; buildings for the Duchy of Cornwall, Pimlico; and the alterations of the National Gallery, including the elegant Italian saloon. He was a member of the Academy of St. Luke at Rome, and a fellow of the Institute of British Architects. He died in 1871.—J. T—e.
PENNI, Gian Francesco, called Il Fattore di Raffaello, or simply Il Fattore, from the circumstance of his having been Raphael's steward, was born at Florence in 1488, went early to Rome, and entered the school of Raphael, with whom he became eventually a great favourite: he and Giulio Romano were coheirs of Raphael as relates to his art effects. Penni assisted Raphael not only in the Vatican, more especially in the landscape backgrounds, but in the Farnesina; and he was his great master's chief assistant in the preparation of the famous cartoons at Hampton court. He made copies of some of his most celebrated oil pictures, and helped to complete his unfinished works. He died at Naples in 1528.—Luca Penni was the younger brother of Gian Francesco; he also is said to have been one of Raphael's assistants, but he worked chiefly with Perino del Vaga till his death, and joined Il Rosso or Maitre Roux at Fontainebleau. He afterwards visited this country, and worked for Henry VIII. He engraved a few plates after Rosso and Primaticcio.—R. N. W.
PENNINGTON, Isaac, born 1617, a writer of reputation among the quakers, was the son of a London alderman. His father served the office of mayor in 1642, and was afterwards appointed one of the judges at the trial of the king, though he did not take his seat. At the Restoration he was prosecuted and imprisoned in the Tower, where he died. He was well educated, though it is not known at what school or college he studied. From his earliest years he had been given to religious meditation and reading of the scriptures, and was at first much opposed to quakerism. But meeting with Fox, the apostle of the sect, he became a convert to the new opinions. He married a Mrs. Springett, whose daughter by a former husband became the wife of the celebrated Penn. During the reign of Charles II. he was imprisoned six times, more obnoxious perhaps to the government on account of the political principles of his father, than in consequence of his own religious opinions. He died in 1679. He wrote largely in favour of quakerism; his works were collected in folio in 1681, and have been twice reprinted. Ellwood bears testimony to the general excellency of his character.—D. G.
PENNY, Edward, R.A., was born in 1714 at Knutsford in Cheshire. His friends, fancying that he showed a talent for painting, placed him with Hudson, the master of Reynolds, and he completed his studies at Rome. He chiefly painted small portraits, but he did not disdain to paint sign-boards at a time when signs were universally hung out from London shops, and tradesmen who wished to distinguish themselves by a display of superior taste, willingly paid a handsome sum for the work of painters of standing. Penny also painted subjects of a sentimental character, and occasionally historical pieces. His most noted work in this line was his "Death of General Wolfe," painted in avowed rivalry of West's more famous picture of the same subject. It was engraved by Sayer, and enjoyed considerable popularity. His Hogarthian pair, "Virtue Rewarded," and "Profligacy Punished," also formed popular engravings Penny was one of the original members of the Royal Academy, and the first professor of painting, an office he held till 1783, when he resigned on account of failing health. He died in 1791. Penny was an indifferent painter, but he holds a position of some historical interest in the British school of painting.—J. T—e.
PENRUDDOCK, John, a royalist colonel of the time of the civil war in England, was the son of Sir John Penruddock of Wiltshire. During the protectorate in the spring of 1654-55, a combined insurrection of royalists and Anabaptists against Cromwell was meditated. On Sunday, March 11th of that year, a band of cavaliers, including Penruddock, Sir Joseph Wagstaff, and Mr. Grove, attempted to proclaim the king in Salisbury. Rousing no loyalty they quitted the city next day, going westward, some two hundred in number. They were pursued by one of Oliver's captains, Anton Crook, defeated, and the leaders taken prisoners. Tried at Exeter by a judge and jury, Penruddock and Grove, both gallant men, were beheaded; Wagstaff had escaped. Many of the others were hanged.—R. H.
PENRY or AP HENRY, John, a native of Wales, where he was born about the year 1559. He was educated first at Cambridge, where he became a subsizar of Peter-house about 1578; but afterwards removed to Oxford, where he entered as a commoner of St. Alban's hall. He took his degree of M.A. in 1586, and soon afterwards received holy orders. Anthony à Wood quotes from a pamphlet of the time a statement to the effect that he was at heart "an arrant papist;" but adds that he was not himself inclined to receive the statement. He himself says what evil he can of Penry, calling him "a person full of Welsh blood, of a hot and restless head," and charging him with being a most notorious Anabaptist, and in some sort a Brownist, and the most bitter enemy to the Church of England of any that had appeared in the long reign of Queen Elizabeth; but at the same time admits that he was esteemed by many a tolerable scholar, an edifying preacher, and a good man.—(Athen. Oxon. vol. i., col. 227, ed. 1691.) Wood is certainly wrong as to Penry's being an Anabaptist, and he might have more confidently asserted his leanings to Brownist views. Certain it is he was far from friendly to the Church of England, and whether it was his hot "Welsh blood" or some higher cause that moved him, he was not careful to express his disapprobation in gentle and moderate terms. Wood, following Strype, ascribes to him the authorship of the Martin Marprelate tracts; but this is a mistake, as he does not appear even to have been in the secret of their authorship. His connection, however, with the sectaries was sufficient to draw down on him the displeasure of the ruling powers, who eagerly caught at the apology for persecuting him, furnished by the imputation to him of writings with which he had nothing to do. In 1587 he was brought before the high
