necessity for their removal. In 1842 he and Heer C. J. Feith were appointed inspectors of lunatic asylums throughout the kingdom, and to this appointment the present admirable state of these institutions, which may be taken as models, is entirely due. On the occasion of the second centenary of the university of Utrecht in 1836, Professor Schroeder van der Kolk was, as rector magnificus, decorated with the order of the lion of the Netherlands; in 1855 he received from the Swedish government the order of the polestar; and in 1856 the commander's cross of the oaken crown.—W. D. M.
KOLLAR, Jan, a Sclavonian minister and poet, born in Hungary in 1793, of a protestant family of Sclavonic origin. He was sent to study at Presburg, whence he removed to Jena; and having received ordination to the ministry, in 1819 he became pastor of a church at Pesth. The language of Kollar and that of his congregation was the Slowakian, a branch of the Sclavonic spoken in northern Hungary, bearing a strong resemblance to the Bohemian, and akin to the Polish. In 1823 he issued a volume of national songs, "Narodnie Zpiewanky," and a second volume in 1827. This curious and interesting collection of Slowakian popular poetry was received with favour, and a second edition, with additions, was published in 1834-35. Before publishing this work, he had appeared as the author or editor of a volume of sonnets in Bohemian, which he published at Prague in 1821, as poems—"Basne;" and with a new title in 1824 as the Daughter of Glory—"Slawy Deera." The reputation of Kollar is very much founded upon this book, which justifies his claim to be considered the author of the idea of Panslavism; that is, of the unity and brotherhood of all Sclavonian races. This idea once propagated was eagerly caught up, and is still tenaciously held by many, while others have always regarded it as an illusion. Naturally enough, the Hungarians, whose affinities and language are not Sclavonic, and who have been so ambitious of seeing their language predominate among the mixed populations with which they are associated, regarded the idea of Kollar with mistrust. Kollar, however, went on, and published his "Slawa Bohynie"—the Goddess Slawa, or Glory—in which, by means of mythological and philological essays, he brought out his favourite idea still more distinctly. This was followed by a work in German, with a similar intention, on the literary reciprocity which exists between the families and dialects of the Sclavonian nation, Pesth, 1831. Ten years later he travelled in Upper Italy, the Tyrol, and Bavaria, to seek for traces of Sclavonian antiquities, and published the results under the title of "Cestopis." In 1831 he brought out a volume of sermons, "Kazne," which were much admired. In 1848 he had to retire from Pesth, but was a few months later appointed archæological professor at Vienna. He made an excursion in Mecklenburg in 1851, and early in 1852 he died. Some of Kollar's poems have been translated by Sir J. Bowring; they were reprinted complete in 1845.—B. H. C.
KOLTZOFF, Alexis Vasilievitch, a Russian poet, who has been styled the Russian "Burns," was born at Voronesch in 1809. His father was a grazier, and the boy's lonely life on the boundless steppes, where he watched his father's flocks and herds, served to develop his lively imagination. His poetry is simple, natural, and harmonious, with a tinge of melancholy. He went to Moscow and to St. Petersburg, was introduced to Pouschkin and Joukoffsky, the literary leaders of the day, but returned to his steppes with a mournful conviction that neither his station nor his early education fitted him for the brilliant society of which he had caught a glimpse. He died in 1842. His poems, edited by Bielinski, were published in 1846.—R. H.
KONINCK, Salomon, a celebrated Dutch painter, was born at Amsterdam in 1609. He formed his style on that of Rembrandt, whom in his best works he very closely approaches. He painted historical, religious, and domestic subjects and portraits, and etched a few plates with great brilliancy. His pictures are found in most of the principal public and private galleries. The year of his death is uncertain: some authorities place it in 1668, others in 1674.—J. T—e.
KONING or KONINCK, Philip de: this excellent painter and pupil of Rembrandt was born at Amsterdam in 1619. He completely acquired the colouring and tone of his master, and applied them with great skill, especially to landscape painting, though he did not restrict himself to that class of art; there are religious pieces and portraits by De Koning, and in the latter branch he had a great reputation in his time. It is not improbable that some of the landscapes as well as the portraits of De Koning pass as the works of his master. He died at Amsterdam in 1689. Two magnificent landscapes by him, extensive views, were exhibited at Manchester in 1857.—R. N. W.
KONZ or CONZ, Karl Philipp, a German poet and translator, was born at Lorch, Wurtemberg, on 28th October, 1762, and died 20th January, 1827, at Tübingen, where from 1804 he had successively filled the chairs of classical literature and of eloquence. Among his translations we must mention those of Seneca, Æschylus, and Aristophanes.—K. E.
KOORNHERT, Theodore, a Dutch writer of the sixteenth century, born at Amsterdam in 1522. After travelling to Spain and Portugal he settled at Haarlem, and wrought as an engineer, but soon became immersed in the theological controversies of the time. In 1561 he was admitted a notary, and the following year was made city secretary. In his official character he was sometimes sent to William of Orange, governor of Holland. He was a stout liberal, and it was he who persuaded Henry of Brederode to prepare the petition of the confederates in 1566. He appears also to have written the first manifesto issued by the prince of Orange. The government at Brussels, by no means approving of his proceedings, put him in prison; and on his release he retired to Cleves. In 1572 he returned to Holland to advocate liberty of conscience, and to controvert the doctrines of bigotry and intolerance that were then so universal. He died at Gouda in 1590. An edition of his works appeared in 1630, three vols. folio.—P. E. D.
KOPERNICUS (Copernicus), Nicolas, a celebrated astronomer, was born near the old gate of Thorn in Prussia on the 19th February, 1473. It is stated by Zernecke (Chronique de Thorn, Berlin, 1727) that his father was a peasant; but the prevalent opinion is that he was a surgeon belonging to a family of some note, and that his uncle by his mother's side was Lucas Waisselrode, bishop of Ermeland. After acquiring a knowledge of Greek and Latin under his father's roof, he studied philosophy and medicine at the university of Cracow, and took the degree of doctor of medicine, with the view of practising the medical art; but his early passion for mathematics and astronomy induced him to devote himself wholly to scientific pursuits. The fame of Purbachius and Regiomontanus, the two great astronomers of the day, inflamed his passion for astronomy; and after attending a course of mathematics under Albert Brudzevius, he went to Italy to make the acquaintance of these distinguished individuals. He accordingly set out in 1496; and when he reached Bologna, he availed himself of the lectures of Dominico Maria, professor of astronomy, and observed there the occultation of Aldebaran by the moon. On his arrival at Rome Copernicus was warmly received by Regiomontanus, and was appointed to a chair of mathematics in that city. On his return to Prussia after a residence of some years in the Eternal city, he was appointed a canon in the chapter of Frauenberg by his uncle, the bishop of Warmia, and was also chosen archdeacon of the church of St. John in Thorn by the votes of his fellow-citizens. His principal residence, however, was in the bailliage of Allenstein at Frauenberg, in one of the houses belonging to the sixteen canons. In this house are still to be seen the openings in the walls of his apartment, through which he observed the meridian transits of the planets, and there are preserved at the same place the fragments of a hydraulic machine like that at Marly, which he had erected to supply the place and the houses of the canons with the water of an adjacent rivulet. As the nephew of the bishop, duties of a different kind were here imposed upon him. In managing the temporalities of the bishopric and defending its rights against the encroachments of the Teutonic knights, he was involved in harassing disputes, and exhibited in the discharge of these duties high administrative powers and great firmness of purpose, which enabled him to triumph over his opponents. When thus freed from the turmoils of his ecclesiastical position, he devoted his time to the performance of his clerical duties, to medical attendance upon the poor, and to the prosecution of his favourite pursuits. Having discussed the astronomical theories of the day with the most distinguished astronomers, he was greatly perplexed with their variety and discordance. While the Egyptians made the sun and the earth two separate centres—the former carrying round it Venus and Mercury, while the latter was the centre of all the other planetary orbits, and even of the sun himself, to which Mercury and Venus were merely satellites—Apollunius made the sun the
