he was made vicar of Ruabon and prebendary of St. Asaph. Other preferments followed, and in 1584; he became chaplain to Sir Henry Sidney, lord president of the inarches, at whose solicitation he completed Lloyd's translation of Caradoc's History of Wales, which was published in 1584. He died in 1598, and was buried at Ruabon. For a list of his other writings see Williams' Eminent Welshmen.—R. H.
POWELL, Edward, an English divine of the Roman catholic persuasion in the sixteenth century, received his education at the university of Oxford. His reputation for learning having attracted the notice of Henry VIII., he was employed to write against the tenets of Wickliffe and the reformers. His treatise appeared in 1523, and was entitled "Propugnaculum Summi Sacerdotii Evangelicæ," &c. In the controversy respecting the validity of the king's marriage with Catherine of Arragon, Powell took a decided part in opposition to the designs of Henry, and wrote a treatise "De non dissolvendo Henrici regis cum Catherine matrimonio." Whether it was published is uncertain; but it drew upon its author the royal displeasure, and was followed by judicial proceedings which involved his life. He was brought to trial, condemned, and executed in 1540.—W. B.
POWELL, Sir John, a learned and upright judge of the reign of James II. He has been condemned for his acquiescence in the opinion of the majority of the bench on the great cause of Sir Edward Hales. But he redeemed his character at the trial of the seven bishops in 1688, when he declared himself explicitly against the king's assumption of a dispensing power. He was deprived of his judgeship in consequence, but reinstated immediately after the accession of William and Mary. He died in 1696.—R. H.
POWELL, William Samuel, D.D., was born at Colchester in 1717, and in 1740 became a fellow of St. John's, Cambridge. In 1741 he was made tutor to Lord Townshend's son, and rector of Colkirk in Norfolk; but he returned to Cambridge and became tutor in 1744. He was afterwards master of John's, vice-chancellor of his university, and archdeacon of Colchester. In 1760 he published "Observations on the Miscellanea Analytica," which opened up a long controversy. Powell died in 1775, and the same year his sermons, &c., were edited by Dr. Balguy, with a memoir.—B. H. C.
* POWERS, Hiram, a celebrated American sculptor, was born at Woodstock in Vermont, July 29, 1805. His father, a small farmer, dying in insolvent circumstances whilst he was still young, the boy obtained employment successively as a hotel waiter, with a clockmaker, &c., in Cincinnati. But whilst thus employed he had cherished an early fondness for drawing and carving, and a German sculptor good-naturedly taught him how to model in clay. Young Powers now procured an engagement as wax-modeller to the Cincinnati museum; and during the half dozen years he held this appointment he sedulously increased his artistic attainments. In 1835 he went to Washington, where he met with so much success as a portrait sculptor that at the end of a couple of years he was able to carry out a long-cherished purpose of proceeding to Italy, in order to pass through a course of systematic study. He has almost ever since made Florence his home, finding purchasers always ready for whatever work may leave his chisel. He first secured notice among the critics of Italy by his "Eve." The work that rendered him one of the most widely-popular sculptors of the day was the "Greek Slava"—a leading attraction of the Great Exhibition of 1851—and of which he has produced several repetitions in marble. His "California" has proved less attractive at the International Exhibition of 1862. Besides very numerous private commissions for busts and portrait-statues, he has executed statues of Washington, Webster, Jackson, Calhoun, and other famous Americans, for the federal and different state governments of America. But he has still found time for works of an ideal character, though no doubt they are fewer than they would have been, had he been less employed on portraiture.—J. T—e.
POWNALL, Thomas, Governor, was born at Lincoln in 1722. He was appointed secretary to the commissioners for trade in 1745, and was subsequently promoted to various colonial governorships. In 1776 he was elected member of parliament; where he was a not unfrequent speaker. His proposals for the pacification of the American colonies had they been accepted might have averted the war of independence. As an antiquary he wrote and published several works of merit. He died in 1805.—(See Nichols' Literary Anecdotes, viii., 63.)—R. H.
POYNET or PONET, John, a champion of the Reformation in England, born in Kent about 1516, and educated at King's college, Cambridge. In consequence of his patristic learning and attachment to the Reformation, he was made bishop of Rochester in the reign of Edward VI., and promoted to the see of Winchester in 1551. He published in 1553 a catechism, commonly called King Edward's, from which Nowell derived much material. On the accession of Mary Poynet fled to Strasburg, where he died on the 11th of April, 1556. The following are the titles of his principal publications—"A Tragedie, or Dialoge of the unjust usurped Primacie of the Bishop of Rome, translated from Bernard Ochinus;" "A notable Sermon concerning the ryght use of the Lorde's Supper, &c., preached before the King at Westminster, 1550;" "Dialecticon Viri boni et literati de Veritate, Natura, atque Substantia Corporis et Sanguinis Christi in Eucharistia;" "A short treatise of Politique Power, and of the true obedience which subjectes owe to Kynges and other civile Governours, with an Exhortation to all true naturall Englishemen, compyled by D. J. P. B. R. VV., i.e., Dr. John Poynet, Bishop of Rochester and Winchester;" and a "Defence for the Marriage of Priests."—T. J.
POYNINGS, Sir Edward, a native of Kent, was appointed deputy of Ireland by King Henry VII. in 1494, with special instructions to suppress the revolt of Perkin Warbeck's partisans. Taking a thousand men with him, he landed in Ireland in the month of September, and proceeded at once to vigorous action against the disaffected. Many districts in Ulster were laid waste. Carlow was besieged and taken. In November he convened the celebrated parliament of Drogheda, which annulled all the acts that had been passed in favour of Lambert Simnel, the first pretender to Henry's crown. Other important statutes were passed by this parliament. In the month of January, 1495, Poynings was recalled and rewarded for his prudent government of Ireland with the order of the garter. Henry VIII. made him a privy councillor and governor of his new conquest, Tournay in Flanders. The act passed by the parliament of Drogheda, which is known as Poyning's act, was to establish the illegality of any meeting of parliament of which the king should not be previously apprised.—R. H.
POZZO, Andrea, a celebrated painter and architect, was born at Trent in the Tyrol, November 30, 1642. His talent, it is said, was discovered whilst employed in menial service in the Jesuits' college at Rome, and he was in consequence admitted as a member of the society and carefully instructed. Be this as it may, Pozzo was a jesuit; one of the most accomplished painters of his day; regarded as a skilful architect, and especially celebrated for his knowledge of perspective at a time when that science was cultivated by the jesuits to a remarkable extent. As a painter Pozzo was most noted for his extraordinary facility of execution and fine colour—he being considered by contemporary critics to have united the qualities of the colour of Rubens with that of the schools of Venice and Lombardy. His most celebrated painting is that on the ceiling of S. Ignazio at Rome. He also painted much at Genoa and Turin, in both which cities he had many pupils and imitators. His paintings are chiefly ornamental in character, and filled with objects introduced for the sake of exhibiting his skill in perspective. His most noted architectural work was the very elaborate but extravagant altar of S. Ignazio. Father Pozzo died, August 31, 1709, at Vienna, where he had gone at the invitation of the emperor to modernize some churches and to paint certain altarpieces. Father Pozzo was the author of a splendidly-printed and illustrated "Trattato di Prospettiva," in Latin and Italian, for the use of painters and architects, 2 vols., folio, Rome, 1693-1700, of which improved editions appeared in 1702 and 1764, and a translation into English by John James, London, 1707.—J. T—e.
POZZO DI BORGO, Charles Andreas, Count, a celebrated diplomatist, was descended from an ancient family which had ranked among the nobility of the island of Corsica ever since the twelfth century, and was born in 1768 at Ajaccio, the birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte. The latter was by four years the junior of Di Borgo, but they were in early life intimate friends, though in later years they became most inveterate enemies. His early training was intrusted to the priests, but he completed his education at Pisa. Shortly after his return to his own country, which now belonged to France, the Revolution broke out, and Di Borgo at once took an active part in its proceedings. He attached himself to General Paoli, and was sent to Paris in 1791
