simple postulates, a series of propositions which taken together would have the irresistible force of demonstration. This was his first, but not his greatest work. It was dedicated to Charles Lewis the elector palatine, who was so favourably impressed with the author's talent, that he was induced soon afterwards to found a new professorship in the university of Heidelberg for the delivering of lectures on the law of nature and nations. The high honour of inaugurating that chair, was conferred by the elector on Puffendorf. The fame of his lectures soon drew around him a throng of students. Baron de Bomebourg, chancellor to the elector of Mentz, after failing to persuade Conringius, Boecler, and Rachelius to compile a methodical body of jurisprudence, at last found in Puffendorf a willing and masterly worker, who accomplished the task in a most satisfactory manner. About this time the professor devoted his attention to the political structure and constitutional defects of the German confederacy. His boldness in exposing the evils of a government in which the sovereign power was filtered away on dukedoms, electorates, kingdoms, and republics, was not equal to the hazard of publishing his strictures in the country where those evils flourished. He therefore sent the manuscript to his brother, Isaiah Puffendorf, who was at that time the Swedish ambassador in France, with a request that if published it should go forth anonymously or under a pseudonym. Accordingly, after having been submitted to Mezeray, it was published at Genoa with this title—"Severini de Mozambano, De Statu Imperii Germanici." Though written in the Latin tongue its popularity became in a short time so great that English, French, and German translations of it were extensively circulated. The anticipations of the author were verified, as to the impression the doctrines promulgated in the treatise would make upon his countrymen, by the acrimonious and violent manner in which they were assailed. When it transpired that Puffendorf was the writer of the book, the general indignation was mingled with alarm lest the youths of Germany should be indoctrinated into such political heresies. Fortunately an opportunity soon offered itself by which Puffendorf could leave his native country, where he had fallen into sad disrepute, for a sphere of usefulness more worthy of his labours. In the year 1667 Charles XI. of Sweden established the university of Lunden in Schonen, and three years after it was founded invited Puffendorf to become the first professor in that university of the laws of nations. Apart from the much larger emoluments of this office, Puffendorf was glad for other reasons to accept the proposal. It was about two years after his removal to Lunden that he gave to the world his opus magnum, entitled "De Jure Naturæ et Gentium." This is the book by which he is popularly known, and upon the topics therein treated no authority is cited with more respect. The title was no doubt suggested by that which Grotius gave to his celebrated work—De Jure Belli et Pacis. Puffendorf might with propriety be regarded as the disciple of Grotius, and though not so original a thinker as his master, excelled him in precision and method. The work was originally published in an abridged form under a different name, viz., "The Duties of a Man as a Citizen." The enlarged edition was first published in Frankfort-on-the-Maine. Charles XI. now entertained a still higher esteem for Puffendorf, and promoted him to the office of royal historiographer, with the rank and title of councillor of state. But as a historian, his success was not worthy of his fame or equal to his opportunities. He was too much a philosopher, and too little a historian, to compose a philosophical history. He compiled assiduously and narrated faithfully, but with no greater results than might be expected from an intelligent librarian. His first effort in this department was a "History of Sweden, from the expedition of Gustavus Adolphus into Germany until the death of Queen Charlotte." The elector of Brandenburg, Frederick William, obtained the consent of the king of Sweden that the royal historiographer might be allowed to remove temporarily to Berlin, for the purpose of writing a history of the life and reign of the elector. The final result of the negotiation was, that Puffendorf collected and put together in nineteen volumes the "Commentarii de rebus gestis Fredrici Gulielmi Magni Electoris Brandenburgici," and thereby secured an annuity of two thousand crowns. It was his intention to return to Sweden for the purpose of continuing his historical researches, but he was taken ill in Berlin and expired in October, 1694.—G. H. P.
PUGATSCHEFF, Temelka, an impostor who pretended to the throne of Russia in the reign of Catherine II., was a Cossack of the Don, born in 1726 at Simoreisk. After the siege and capture of Bender he deserted from the Russian army, and took refuge with some Polish monks, to whom he related an incident which shaped the current of his life. A Russian officer had one day said to him, after gazing intently on his face—"If the Emperor Peter III., my master, were not dead, I should think I stood before him now." With the assistance of the monks Pugatscheff planned a revolt of the Cossacks, who were smarting just then under an act of imperial rigour. In 1773, proclaiming himself to be the deposed Peter III., escaped from the hands of the assassins, he roused the whole population of the vast country lying between the river Oural and the Don, and was soon at the head of a most formidable host of rebels. With relentless cruelty he put to death all those who would not join his hordes, some thirty thousand victims. He defeated the forces sent against him, captured several towns, burnt two hundred and fifty villages, and carried consternation into the very heart of the empire. At length the government sent a regular army under General Panin, which drove the Cossacks back to their steppes. A large reward made the rebels give up their leader, who, taken to Moscow in an iron cage, suffered a cruel death on the 10th January, 1775. Pushkin has written a detailed account of this rebellion.—R. H.
PUGET, Pierre Paul, called the French Michelangelo on account of his eminence as a sculptor, painter, and architect, was born at Marseilles in 1622. He learned the rudiments of art from his father, an architect and sculptor of that city; but being placed with a wood carver, the youth left in disgust and made his way to Italy. There he remained some years, studying sculpture in Florence, and at Rome painting under P. da Cortona, whom he assisted in painting the ceiling of the Pitti palace at Florence. Returning to Marseilles when about twenty-one, he was commissioned to design a vessel of unusual splendour named La Reine for Anne of Austria, by whom he was soon after sent to Rome to make drawings of the antiquities of that city. On his return to France, after a stay of six years in Italy, he at first practised chiefly as a painter, executing many altar-pieces for churches in Aix and elsewhere; but this not suiting his health, he abandoned painting and devoted himself wholly to architecture and sculpture. As an architect his chief works were at Marseilles, where he erected two triumphal arches, formed boulevards, and otherwise improved the city. His patron the minister Fouquet falling into disgrace, Puget settled for a time at Genoa, and there produced his famous statues of St. Sebastian and St. Alexander for the church of Sta. Maria, and the great rilievo of the Assumption for the Albergo de' Poveri. Recalled and pensioned by the minister Colbert, Puget executed a large number of works for the government and for private patrons—the chief being his masterpiece, the "Milo of Crotona," and "Perseus and Andromeda," and his rilievi of the "Plague of Milan," and "Alexander visiting Diogenes." Puget also executed several engineering works and invented various machines for the naval yard, where he held an official appointment. During his last years he retired to Marseilles, and there built the churches of the Capuchins and La Charité, and a residence for himself. He died at Marseilles, December 2, 1694.—J. T—e.
PUGHE, William Owen, F.S.A., D.C.L., a famous Welsh lexicographer, was born at Tyn y Bryn, Merionethshire, August 7, 1759. He received his early education at a school near Manchester, and at seventeen came to reside in London. It was in the metropolis that he, through the Gwyneddigion (North Walians) Society, became acquainted, among other enthusiastic lovers of their native tongue, with Owen Jones, and in conjunction with him edited the works of Davydd ap Gwilym. The great work of his life was his "Welsh and English Dictionary," on which he began to labour in 1785, and to which he devoted the greater part of his time for eighteen years. The result of his industry was a work unsurpassed in its own peculiar province, and from which we cannot but gain an impression of the copiousness of the Welsh language, and at the same time of the marvellous energy of the lexicographer; for whilst Johnson's enlarged English dictionary contains fifty-eight thousand words, Pughe's contains above one hundred thousand. Nor was this work by any means the only fruit of his literary labours. He assisted in editing three volumes of the Myvyrian Archæology of Wales. Other works of his were "Historical notes of celebrated men among the Ancient Britons," an agricultural treatise called "Trin Tir" also "Coll Gwynva," which was a translation into
