to the governor-general, Von Bawr, and soon after director of the German theatre. Married to the daughter of an influential officer, and patronized by the Empress Catherine herself, Kotzebue could not fail of being successively raised to high posts and honours, to which he besides recommended himself by his writings, especially his two comedies, "Menschenhass und Reue," and the "Indians in England," 1789, which were received with general applause. Even a patent of nobility was conferred upon him. After the death of his wife he resigned his offices; and after a journey to Paris lived in retirement at his villa of Friedenthal, near Narva, 1795-98. Here he wrote upwards of twenty dramatic pieces and other works, which spread his fame so far that, in 1798, he was appointed hoftheaterdichter at Vienna, from which office, however, he likewise retired two years later with a pension of one thousand florins. After a temporary residence at Weimar he resolved to return to Russia, but on crossing the frontier was arrested without knowing for what reason, and transported forthwith to Siberia in 1800. His liberation was effected by a fortunate accident. A dramatic trifle of his, "Der Leibkutscher Peter's des Grossen," which in fact was an indirect eulogy on the Emperor Paul, being translated into Russian, was presented for perusal to Paul, who was so much pleased with it that he not only immediately released its author, but also presented him with the estate of Wokroküll in Livonia, and again appointed him director of the St. Petersburg German theatre. Kotzebue has given an amusing account of his banishment in Siberia, under the title "The most Remarkable Year of my Life," 2 vols. After the death of Paul he again tendered his resignation and returned to Weimar, where however, by his intrigues, he drew so much dislike upon himself that he was fain to remove to Berlin. Conjointly with Garlieb Merkel he now established a journal, Der Freimüthige, in the columns of which he waged an imbittered war against Göthe, the brothers Schlegel, and others. In 1804-5 Kotzebue travelled in France and Italy; in 1806 he went to Königsberg in order to write a work on the history of Prussia. In the following year he returned to his estate of Schwarze in Esthonia, whence he successively edited two journals, the Bee, 1808-9, and the Cricket, 1811-12, both of them directed against Napoleon. In 1813 he became attached to the Russian head-quarters, and acted as editor of the Russisch-Deutsche Volksblatt, which was intended to rouse the Germans against the French usurper. After the restoration of peace Kotzebue was sent to Germany by the Russian government, with the commission to report to the emperor on the state of literature and public opinion in Germany. The enormous salary of fifteen thousand rubles which was granted him, clearly shows the real nature of his mission. Kotzebue was an avowed antagonist of all liberal ideas and institutions, and ridiculed the political efforts of the Germans with haughty disdain. He was, therefore, hated and despised as a Russian spy, and a traitor to liberty and to his country by all patriots, especially by the students. One of them, Karl Ludwig Sand, a generous but fanatical youth, was by his overwrought patriotism misled into the insane belief that it would be a patriotic and heroic deed to free the country from such an enemy, and accordingly stabbed Kotzebue at Manheim on the 23rd March, 1819. Sand, who failed in destroying himself too, was beheaded on the 20th May, 1820, and both the murderer and the murdered are buried in the same churchyard at Manheim. The German governments, imagining the deed to have sprung from a wide-spread conspiracy, took it as a pretext for prosecuting the burschenschaft, of which Sand had been a prominent member, and for stifling all liberal yearnings of the nation. Sand, it is true, met with much warmer sympathies than his victim, who had long foregone all esteem with his countrymen, as during his whole life he had shown himself unprincipled, and had pursued none but selfish aims. Kotzebue, indeed, owes his popularity as a dramatic author in a great measure to his lowering himself to the taste of the multitude. His plays, though abounding in keen observation, and showing a remarkable knowledge of the stage, are frivolous and want purpose and moral elevation. In fruitfulness he rivals Calderon and Lope de Vega, for he has written no less than ninety-eight dramatic pieces, besides a large number of other works.—(See Life by Cramer, 1819, and by Döring, 1830.)—K. E.
KOTZEBUE, Otto von, the second son of the preceding, a celebrated navigator, was born at Reval on the 19th December, 1787. At the age of seventeen he accompanied Krusenstern on his circumnavigation of the globe; and in 1815-18 was commander of the Rurik, fitted out by Count Romanzoff for a scientific expedition in the South Sea. One of the members of this expedition was Adalbert von Chamisso, the well-known naturalist and poet. In 1823 Kotzebue undertook a third voyage round the globe, from which he returned in 1826. He has greatly extended our knowledge of the South Sea, and discovered several islands as well as the sound, which after him is called Kotzebue Sound. The results of his voyages were published in his "Entdeckungsreise in die Südsee," 3 vols., 1821; and his "Neue Reise urn die Welt," 2 vols., 1830. He died at Reval on the 5th February, 1846.—K. E.
KOTZWARA, Franz, a musician, was born at Prague, and came to London about the year 1791. He was engaged as a double-bass player at the Italian opera, and by certain music-sellers to compose trios, quartets, &c., in the style of the popular writers on the continent—Haydn, Pleyel, and others. His sonata, "The Battle of Prague," was the most successful pianoforte piece of the day, and still retains some portion of its popularity. Kotzwara was a disreputable character, living only for the gratification of his own appetites. In 1793 he was found hanging in a house of ill fame near Covent Garden. The case, as it afterwards appeared on the trial, was a very singular one; but as it was proved that he was suspended by his own desire, and that neither he nor the parties implicated in the transaction ever contemplated death, they were acquitted.—E. F. R.
KOUANG, a Chinese statesman and historian, born in 1018, is celebrated for the authorship of a great work on the history of China, the "Tseu-tchi-Thoang-Kian." It was the result of great research and reflection, and is described as differing from other early Chinese histories in presenting the whole facts in a connected narrative, and not dividing them into distinct sections, political, social, &c. It commences with the reign of Hoang-Ti, the third emperor of China, and brings down the narrative to the beginning of the tenth century. He died in 1086.—F. E.
KOULI KHAN. See Nadir Shah.
KOZELUCH, Leopold, a musician, was born at Welwarn in Bohemia in 1753, and died at Vienna, February 8, 1814. His chief musical instructor was his cousin, Johann Anton, a clever musician, who died five days before him. Leopold Kozeluch became a student at the Prague university in 1764, which he left in 1771; but he did not abandon the practice of music during this course of general education. He then wrote some ballets with great success for the national theatre at Prague, and he went to Vienna in 1778, where he was appointed instructor of the Princess Elizabeth. He composed a cantata for the festivities in honour of the emperor's coronation at Prague in 1791, the occasion for which Mozart also wrote La Clemenza di Tito. He succeeded this illustrious musician in the sinecure appointment of imperial chamber composer. He was for many years held in the highest esteem in Vienna as a pianoforte teacher, and his music had, during his day, an enormous popularity. He wrote operas and oratorios, several cantatas, about thirty symphonies, fifty-seven trios and sonatas for the pianoforte, some concertos for the same and other instruments, and a large amount of less important pieces of vocal and instrumental music.—G. A. M.
KRAFFT, Adam, a celebrated old German sculptor and architect of Nuremberg, of whom, however, few facts are known—one of the few established is that he was married in 1470. His death is supposed to have taken place in the hospital of Schwabach in 1507. He may have been born about 1435. He is the author of the remarkable stone tabernacle of the church of St. Lawrence at Nuremberg, which is a square open Gothio spire, sixty-four feet high, the pinnacle being curved like the crook of a crozier, to avoid touching the roof of the church. Kneeling figures of Krafft and two assistants are represented as supporting the tabernacle, which is most profusely ornamented with figures of saints, &c., and passages from the life of Christ. The whole was executed for seven hundred and seventy florins (about £70), for a citizen of Nuremberg named Hans Imhof. It is engraved in Doppelmayer's Historische Nachricht von der Nürnbergischen Künstlern, &c.—R. N. W.
KRAFFT, Barbara, historical and portrait painter, was born at Iglau in 1764; studied under her father the court painter, J. N. Steiner; practised for a while at Vienna as a portrait painter and teacher of painting, and there married. After spending with her husband several years in various German towns—in all diligently employing her pencil—she in 1803
