removable chambers above for the abstraction of the honey without disturbing the bees. The one essential on which all agree is that the apiary should be erected in the vicinity of good feeding grounds, such as gardens, clover-fields or heath-covered hills. See Bees.
Apocarpous (ăp′ō-kär′pŭs) Flowers. The carpels of a flower may remain distinct from one another and thus form simple pistils, or they may organize together in the formation of a compound pistil. In the former case the flower is apocarpous, in the latter it is syncarpous. An apocarpous condition is regarded as more primitive than a syncarpous one. The noun form of the word is apocarpy.
Apogamy (á-pŏg′á-my). In plants with regular alternation of generations (which see) the gametophyte produces the sporophyte by means of a fertilized egg. Occasionally the sporophyte is produced directly upon the gametophyte without the intervention of an egg, and such a phenomenon is known as apogamy. In general, therefore, apogamy refers to the appearance of the embryos of higher plants without any sex act.
Apollo, called also Phœbus, one of the chief gods of the Greeks. He was born on the island Delos, and was the son of Jupiter and Latona. He is the god of the sun, the god of song, the head and protector of the muses, the revealer of the future—especially at his temple at Delphi—the god of flocks, the archer who inflicts vengeance with his arrows and the patron of the healing art. He is pictured as a beautiful youth with long hair, his brows bound with the leaves of the sacred bay tree, and bearing the lyre or the bow. The Romans adopted him from the Greeks, and built a temple and held games in his honor.
Apollo Belvedere (bĕl′ve-dēr), a marble statue of the god Apollo, one of the most famous works of ancient art. It was found in 1503 in the ruins of ancient Antium and placed in the gallery of the Belvedere in the Vatican at Rome. The sculptor is unknown, but is thought to be one of the Greek sculptors, either Agasias or Praxiteles. The statue is seven feet high and shows the god in the perfection of manly beauty, at the moment of his victory over the monster Python. He stands with his left arm extended, holding the bow, while his right hand, which has just left the string, is near his hip. The body is poised with such grace as to give it a wonderful beauty.
Apos′pory. In plants with regular alternation of generations the sporophyte produces the gametophyte by means of asexual spores. Occasionally gametophytes arise directly from sporophytes without the intervention of a spore, and such a phenomenon is known as apospory. Both apogamy and apospory have been most commonly observed in ferns.
Apostles, originally the twelve men whom Jesus chose to preach the Gospel. They were Simon Peter (called also Cephas and Bar-jona), Andrew, James the Elder (son of Zebedee), John his brother, Philip, Bartholomew (Nathaniel), Thomas (Didymus), Matthew (Levi), James the Younger (son of Alpheus), Thaddeus, Simon and Judas Iscariot. Matthias was chosen in the place of Judas, and later on Paul and Barnabas were added to the number. The apostles were first sent out by Jesus to preach to the Jews only; but a short time before his ascension they were commanded to preach to all nations. On the day of Pentecost they received miraculous gifts and began their public ministry. They have left records in the Epistles and the Acts of the Apostles.
Apothe′cium. In plants, a flat or cup-like spore-producing body formed by the Ascomycetes, which see. The name is most commonly applied among the lichens.
Appala′chian Mountains. See Alleghanies.
Apperception. This term was originally used by Leibniz (1646-1716), a German philosopher. He wished to distinguish between consciousness and self-consciousness. Ordinary perception makes us aware of external objects, but not of our own perceptions as distinct from what we perceive. Leibniz employed the word apperception to indicate the consciousness of perception. This self-consciousness, he thought, is not possessed by the lower animals, but only by human beings. The brute perceives, man apperceives, or perceives that he perceives. The philosopher Kant (1724-1804) used the term apperception to mean the power of the mind to relate to various perceptions and especially to organize them into a system. The result of apperception, according to him, is that the objects of perception are all seen to belong to one world, to be governed by its laws and thus to be related to each other, and all the perceptions are seen to belong to various minds, by which they are organized, and by the laws of which they are controlled.
Herbart (1776-1841), another German philosopher and psychologist, still further modified the definition of apperception by conceiving it to be the process by which old experience assimilates or gives meaning to new perceptions. This view emphasizes the fact that the character of one's previous experience will determine whether he will be interested in any new object sufficiently to attend to it, that is, to apperceive it. Moreover, the new object that one attends to will seem significant and interesting in accordance with the richness of the experience that he has already acquired in reference to similar objects. Indeed, different people may apperceive the same
