engines, boilers, carriages, soap, glass, furniture and pianos. Cambridge has several printing houses, book binderies and iron foundries. The first book published in the United States was published in Cambridge. The public schools are among the best in the country, and the city has an excellent free public library well-stocked with books. Cambridge was settled in 1630 by Governor Winthrop and other prominent men. The first ministers of the place, as well as most of the educated men, were graduates of Cambridge University, England. The American army was encamped here during the Revolution, while the British had possession of Boston. Population, 104,839.
Cam′bridge, Ohio, a city and county-seat of Guernsey County, 55 miles north of Marietta. In the surrounding region are coal, pottery-clay and iron deposits and also natural gas. Cambridge manufactures glass and pottery, iron and steel products. The city is served by two railroads, was settled in 1804, and incorporated in 1887. Population, 11,327.
Cam′bridge, Ada. See Cross, Mrs. George Frederick.
Cam′bridge, University of, an English seat of learning in the city of Cambridge, on the river Cam, 58 miles north of London. Tradition places the beginnings of the university as far back as the 7th century; but its definite history begins in the 12th century. Like Oxford, it differs in many ways from the universities of the European continent and of the United States, but especially in what is called its college-system. It is at present made up of 18 colleges, each of which has its special students, teachers and governing body, but is at the same time subject to the general laws of the university. The governing body of the university is the senate, which is made up of graduates who possess the degree of Master of Arts, which is had without examination about four years after graduation. The relation between the colleges and the university is much like that between the individual states of this country and the Union as a whole. The course in any college covers three years, during which the students are called freshmen, junior sophomores and senior sophomores. The students are also divided into four classes, each class paying a different tuition; noblemen, fellow commoners, who receive their name from the privilege of dining or “having their commons” at the table of the fellows of the university; the pensioners; and the sizars. The sizars formerly had to do all sorts of menial tasks; but this practice has ceased. While there is a rivalry between the different colleges, all unite and act as a university, and are known not as members of the different colleges, but as “Cambridge men.” There are now about 126 of a teaching staff, including readers, assistants, etc., and the students number a little over 3,200. There are over 400 fellowships, the fellows being elected from those who have distinguished themselves in examinations. The university sends two members to Parliament, who are elected by the senate. Women are admitted to the examinations for honor students, and reside mostly in Newnham and Girton Colleges. There are a number of fine buildings, the chief being the senate house, the university library with over 400,000 volumes, the Pitt press, the observatory, besides the gardens and the museums. The old Gothic chapel in King's College is of remarkable beauty. Among the eminent men who have studied at Cambridge are Chaucer, Bacon, Spenser, Ben Jonson, Milton, Dryden, Newton, Pitt and Byron.
Cambyses (kăm-bī′sēz), king of the Medes and Persians, the son of Cyrus the Great, who became king in 529 B. C. He added Egypt to the Persian territory, but an army which he sent to take possession of the temple of Jupiter Ammon perished in the desert, and another army which he led against the Ethiopians was depleted by hunger and disease. These disasters seem to have made him a madman. He killed his brother Smerdis and one of his sisters, and treated the Egyptians with great cruelty. But a revolution arose, and one of the Magians assumed the character of the murdered Smerdis and seized the Persian throne. Cambyses marched against him from Egypt, but died on the way, in Syria, from an accidental wound in the thigh, in 522 B. C.
Cam′den, county-seat of Camden County, New Jersey, lies on the Delaware River opposite Philadelphia, with which it is connected by several steam ferries. It is the terminus of a number of railroads, has extensive shipyards and immense market gardens. It also has foundries, cotton and woolen mills and manufactures of machinery, iron works, paints, oil-cloths, boots, shoes, etc. There are many public-school buildings, a private and a public high school, hospitals, churches, etc. Camden has three national banks and all the adjuncts of a modern city. The rapid growth of the city in recent years is shown by the increase of population from 58,813 in 1890 to 75,935 in 1900. Population, now, 94,538.
Camel, a cud-chewing animal of the Old World, especially adapted by nature to travel waste deserts with scarcity of food and water. They therefore are of great use to man, both as baggage carriers and for riding. There are two kinds, the dromedary or single-humped camel of Arabia, Syria and Africa, and the Bactrian camel with two humps—native of Asia.
