with Charles O'Connell and others the following year, but was released on a writ of error to the house of lords. In 1846 he founded the Irish Confederation, and was repeatedly arrested and tried, though without conviction, for treason-felony. In 1852 he was elected against the chief secretary to parliament. Duffy resigned and went to Australia in 1856. He was minister of public works in the first responsible government of Victoria the year following, prime minister in 1871-2, and was unanimously elected speaker in 1877. He returned to Europe in 1880, and lived in Nice until his death on Feb. 9, 1903. In youth he was a noteworthy poet, and his love for literature showed itself to the end. The Ballad Poetry of Ireland, published in 1845, has gone through more than fifty editions. Young Ireland: A Fragment of Irish History, brought out in 1880, and My Life in Two Hemispheres, brought out in 1898, had much vogue. In addition may be mentioned Conversations with Carlyle, The League of North and South, Life of Thomas Davis and A Bird's-Eye View of Irish History.
His eldest son, John Gavan Duffy, born in Dublin on Oct. 15, 1844, and educated at Stonyhurst and Melbourne university, has held many important positions in the government of Victoria, having been minister of lands and agriculture in 1880, postmaster-general in 1890-2 and 1894-9, attorney-general in 1892, etc.
Duhamel (dü′ȧ′mĕl′). The most Reverend Joseph Thomas, Archbishop of Ottawa, was born in the province of Quebec in 1841, educated at St. Joseph's College, Ottawa, and ordained in 1863. Consecrated bishop of Ottawa in 1874, in 1876 he was made archbishop, in 1887 becoming metropolitan of the ecclesiastical province of Ottawa. He is chancellor of the University of Ottawa, and has been earnest and persistent in the cause of education.
Dukhobors. The name signifies Spirit-fighters, and was given to certain Russian peasants because they denied the divinity of the Holy Spirit. Indeed, they also denied that Christ is more than a superior man, who is reincarnated often, appearing in the persons of the founders of this sect and also in many other people at different times. The sect was established as early as 1750, in the province of Kharkov, in south-central Russia. Dukhobors have no church-building, and will not enter churches, saying that wherever two or three are gathered together a religious congregation exists. They have no ceremonies, even at marriages. The Ten Commandments they accept, and whatever else in the Bible seems to them to be useful. They are governed by an assembly of elders, and usually are quiet people, sober and hardworking. They are peasants, all of them. From 1750 to 1793 the sect grew so rapidly that the Russian government began a persecution. In 1800 this policy was changed to one of kindness. Large tracts of fertile lands in central Russia were granted the industrious peasants. In 1819 persecution was renewed, and they were removed to a less favorable district. In 1890 Pobiedonostseff began to apply to them his policy of forcing all Russians into the Greek church. The Dukhobors then begged permission to emigrate. Some were allowed to go to Cyprus; and a large body emigrated to Manitoba, where they still live. Their prosperity in that country continued until 1902, when large numbers of them started in the dead of winter in an aimless march, hoping somehow to find Christ. The Canadian government was finally obliged to drive them home to preserve their lives. In 1903 and again in 1908 the same thing occurred, women and children joining in the march.
Dul′cimer′ a musical instrument which looks like a flat box, with wires run across, and tuned by pegs at the sides. It is played by striking the wires with a small piece of wood in each hand or, more usually, with two cork-head hammers. It is one of the most ancient of instruments, and may be regarded as the ancestor of the piano.
Duluth (du-lo͞oth′), a city of Minnesota, the chief lake-port of the state, is situated at the western end of Lake Superior. It has a fine harbor, is the terminus of ten railway-systems, and has an immense shipping trade in grain, flour, lumber, iron and iron-ore. Its grain-elevators have a capacity of 35,000,000 bushels. Its shipments include 10,000 barrels of flour per day, over 30,000,000 tons of iron ore per year and many hundreds of millions of feet of lumber annually. It is a manufacturing and great wholesale center. Duluth has 38 splendid public-school buildings, with an average attendance of 15,000 pupils. Nearly 1,000 additional pupils are enrolled each year, an indication of the city's rapid growth. Population in 1910 was 78,466.
Duma, The, is the elective state-council of Russia and (with the Council of the Empire) the legislature of the empire. It originated in consequence of the revolutionary activity of the Russian people during and after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-5). On August 6, 1905, it was created by Emperor Nicholas II, and on October 17 a law was promulgated establishing as an unalterable rule that no law shall take effect without the Duma's approval and that to those whom the people elect shall be guaranteed real participation in controlling the legality of the acts of such authorities as the emperor appoints. It consists of members elected for five years and representing the 97 provinces ana the 28 largest cities. The election of the depu-
