northwest portion are such manufacturing cities as Hammond and Gary, which are contiguous to Chicago, and Michigan City is in the northwest. The principal manufactures are steel, iron, carriages, wagons, plate-glass, plows, railroad cars, office-desks and machinery. Other important industries are flour and gristmilling, slaughtering and packing, clayworking and brewing.
Education. Indiana ranks high in the educational world, having always given much attention to schoolwork and making wise provision for support of schools. Each county has its superintendent, and these are under the supervision of a state superintendent. Indiana in 1912 had a school population of 761,494, the number of schoolhouses in the state being 9,197 and of teachers 17,305. The state university at Bloomington, De Pauw University at Greencastle, Purdue University at Lafayette, the University of Notre Dame, the largest Catholic institution in the west, Hanover and Wabash Colleges, at Hanover and Crawfordsville, and Rose Polytechnic Institute at Terre Haute are a few among the many institutions of higher learning. The State University, Purdue with its Agricultural School, and the State Normal School at Terre Haute, receive State aid.
Transportation. There are 7,420 miles of railway; much traffic is conducted over Lake Michigan and the Ohio and Wabash Rivers; and the electric lines measure 1,597 miles.
The state was first settled by the French under Beaubois, in 1731, at Vincennes on the Wabash. It was ceded to Great Britain, and in 1783, after the Revolutionary War, it became the possession of the United States. In 1787 it became part of the Northwest Territory, and in 1800 was made a separate territory, entering the Union in 1816. Early in the 19th century the settlements were disturbed by hostile Indians under the famous chief, Tecumseh. General Harrison marched to Tippecanoe on the Wabash, Nov. 6, 1811, and on the following day there was a desperate battle, in which the Indians were defeated, afterward suing for peace. See Settlement of Wabash Valley by Cox and History of Indiana by Goodrich and Tuttle.
Indianap′olis, the capital and largest city of Indiana, is situated on the west fork of White River, on a level plain near the center of the state, 185 miles from Chicago. It is a regularly built and beautiful city, with a handsome state-house and other public institutions. Its annual expenditure for public schools is in the neighborhood of $700,000, and the value of its public school property is close upon $2,500,000. There are seven parks. Indianapolis is one of the chief railroad centers, 15 lines centering here. The trade in agricultural products is very considerable; milling and pork-packing are the leading industries, and its stock-yards cover 100 acres. The site was chosen in 1820, when the plain was covered with a dense forest. It has large grain-elevators and flouring-mills; and its manufacturing establishments, which include extensive rolling-mills, meat-packing establishments, iron works, foundries and machine-shops, carriage-works, cotton and woolen mills etc., employ over 20,000 hands. Population 233,650.
In′dian or Malay′ Arch′ipel′ago is the most important system of island groups in the world. It is bounded on the north by the China Sea, on the east by the Pacific, south and west by Australia and the Indian Ocean. There are three principal groups, the first comprising the Molucca Islands, Spice Islands and the Philippines; the second including Sumatra, Java and the Sunda Islands; the third being made up of Borneo, the Celebes and smaller islands. The chief islands for trade are Java, Sumatra, the Moluccas and Borneo. Native rajahs or princes rule over several of the islands, which are inhabited by Malays, but most of the islands belong to the Dutch. The main products are sugar, coffee, indigo, rice and tea. Gum elastic, resin, pepper, rattans, drugs, ivory and opium are also exported. Fine timber trees abound, and the vegetation is most luxuriant. See Malay Archipelago by Wallace and History of Java by Raffles.
In′dian Ocean, one of the five great divisions of the universal ocean and the third in size, lies south of Asia, between Africa, the Antarctic Ocean, Australia and the Indian Archipelago. It gradually narrows from south to north, and is divided by the peninsula of India into the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west; the latter branching off again into two arms, the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. In early history the Indian Ocean was known as the Erythræan Sea. The Phœnicians were familiar with this ocean at a very early date, and, as a channel of commerce by the navies of King Solomon, it came to be the first ocean crossed for trade. In the 9th century the Arabs made frequent voyages across the ocean, crossing the Bay of Bengal into the China Sea. Many small islands dot its waters, but the only large ones are Madagascar and Ceylon. The Euphrates, Tigris, Indus, Ganges and Irrawaddi Rivers from Asia and the Zambezi from Africa flow into it.
Indians, American, the name given to the people found in North and South America when discovered by the Europeans. They were called Indians because the newly found land was supposed to be a part of India. These scattered tribes, while varying in civilization from the rudest savages to the cultivated Aztecs of Mexico, and Incas of Peru, are now thought to belong to the same race. They are brown or copper-colored, with straight, black hair, high cheek bones, head rather square and flattened behind. Their origin is uncertain, though all the tribes have
