commercial importance in recent years, and has taken a foremost rank among the manufacturing cities of the west, having over 4,000 factories. It leads in the manufacture of cement, jeans and sole-leather, is the largest leaf-tobacco market in the world, and has extensive pork-packing establishments and whiskey distilleries. Iron-working, agricultural tool-making, cigar-making and the sugar-curing of hams are additional industries. Louisville covers about 30 square miles, is handsomely built with wide, well-paved streets, and has a good water-supply and sewerage system. Parks comprising 1,500 acres, with handsome boulevards, add to its attractions and make it a delightful city of residence. It has a Roman Catholic cathedral and 150 other churches, a law-school, four medical colleges and a fine system of public schools. The value of its school-property exceeds $1,300,000; the amount it annually expends on elementary education is $700,000. There are some 40 public and private charitable institutions, including the state institute for the blind. The city is connected with Jeffersonville by an iron bridge about one mile long and with New Albany, by a handsome cantilever bridge. The chief railroads are the Southern; Chesapeake, Louisville and Nashville; Ohio and Southwestern; and Ohio River railroads. Population 223,928.
Lourenço Marques (lṓ-rĕn′sṓ mär-kĕs′), one of the three districts of Portuguese East Africa, which see.
Louvain (lo͞o′văn′), a city of Belgium, 19 miles east of Brussels. It was a rich and extensive city of 200,000 citizens in the 14th century, as the capital of Brabant and the seat of the manufacture of fine cloth. Heavy punishment for a revolt drove large numbers of its citizens to England in 1382. The great university, with 20 colleges, a library of 250,000 volumes, botanic garden and museums, was founded in 1426 and at one time had 6,000 students. It still is the principal Roman Catholic institution in Belgium, with about 1,400 students. The industries are bell-founding, brewing and the manufacture of leather, paper, lace and starch. Population 42,100.
Louvre (lo͞ovr), the greatest of the modern palaces of Paris, lies in the center of the city near the Seine. It is a square of 576 by 538 feet. The first part, the southwest wing, was built in 1541, and the principal part of the great square was completed under Louis XIV. In 1857 the new Louvre, as it was called, was finished in the form of two buildings thrown out at right angles to the galleries which connected the old Louvre with the palace of the Tuileries. The Louvre and Tuileries now form a single palace, covering nearly 60 acres. The eastern front of the Louvre had a row of 28 Corinthian columns, and was considered one of the most beautiful architectural works of any country. The buildings forming the Louvre are used largely as galleries of art; the library was begun under Charles V, who placed the royal collection of books here; and the royal pictures were brought here in 1681. All of the works of art in the palaces were transferred to the Louvre during the Revolution, and thrown open to public inspection. Napoleon's conquests in Italy added great treasures to the collections. Under his architects the museums of ancient art, the Egyptian museum and the council-chamber, afterward used for an art-school and marine museum, were built. Many of the art-treasures brought from Italy were restored. The Louvre suffered from the communists in 1871; the library was burnt, with some of the halls of sculpture and painting.
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| SETH LOW |
Low, Seth, LL.D., ex-president of Columbia University, was born at Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1850. After graduating at Columbia in 1870 he began the study of law, but left it to enter his father's tea-importing house and become a member of the firm. In 1881 he was elected mayor of Brooklyn on an independent ticket, and administered its affairs for four years. In 1890 he became president of Columbia College and reorganized the institution on a university basis. He, moreover, presented it with its finely equipped library-building at a cost of a million dollars. Dr. Low has taken a lively interest in pure government for New York, being a member of its rapid-transit and Greater-New-York commissions. In 1899 he was appointed one of the American delegation to the peace-conference at The Hague. He also is president of the Archaeological Institution of America and vice-president of the New York Academy of Sciences. In 1901 he resigned the presidency of Columbia University, and was elected mayor of New York, defeating the Tammany candidate. While mayor of New York City (1901-03), Mr. Low did much to purge the civic administration from abuses.
Low, Will Hicok, American artist, was born at Albany, N. Y., May 31, 1853, and early took up painting and decorative designing as a profession. He has done much in decorating panels, ceilings and the like with ideal groups and paintings, and has also turned out much fine stained-glass work. As a beginner in figure-painting, he was a pupil of Gérôme and of Carolus Duran
