The report of the Commissioner for Education in the United States in 1904, founded upon information received from 4,602 different institutions, shows that for the scholastic year 1903-04 there were enrolled 250,231 students in business or commercial studies. This was an increase of 6,710 over the preceding year. The regular business-schools had an enrollment of 138,363; the public high schools had 85,313 in business-studies; the private high schools and academies had 13,479; the normal schools 3,255; and the universities 9,821 students in commercial branches. These numbers may give an exaggerated impression of the efficiency of commercial education in the United States, for it is to be recollected that many of the students included may have studied one business or commercial subject only, and that as an extra. American private business and commercial schools were in the field early in the 19th century; they, however, are generally small and utilitarian in their aim. Public high schools endeavor to maintain broader educational aims; and are usually content to offer courses in bookkeeping, typewriting and stenography as electives. Separate high schools of commerce exist and are successful in New York City and Washington, D. C. Several high schools offer a commercial course which may extend over one, two, three or four years; for example, some of the high schools of Boston, Pittsburgh, Omaha and Philadelphia. Among the more important, endowed, secondary institutions which carry on commercial education should be mentioned Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, and Drexel Institute, Philadelphia. About one hundred normal schools invite commercial students. Colleges of commerce have been established in the universities of Pennsylvania, California, Chicago, Dartmouth, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Louisiana, Vermont, West Virginia, Nevada and Wyoming. See Dexter's History of Education in the United States, pp. 415-23.
Schoon′er. See Ship.
Schopenhauer (shō′pĕn-hou′ẽr), Arthur, a German philosopher, was born at Dantzic, Prussia, Feb. 22, 1788. He studied at Göttingen, Berlin and Jena, hearing Fichte and Schleiermacher. From Weimar, where his mother resided, he went in 1814 to Dresden and from there to Italy, afterwards living at Berlin and Frankfort-on-the-Main. His chief book, The World as Will and Idea, gives a large part of his peculiar philosophy. On the Will in Nature and Sight and Colors are among his philosophical writings, which include many occasional papers and his prize-essay in the Norwegian Academy on Freedom of the Will, which brought him the first public praise. He died on Sept. 21, 1860. See Lives by Zimmerman and Wallace.
Schreiner (shrī-nẽr), Olive, whose pseudonym is Ralph Iron, was born about 1860 in Basutoland, South Africa, where her father, a German Lutheran clergyman, was a missionary in the service of the London Missionary Society. Her mother, however, was an English woman. In 1894 she married S. C. Cronwright. In 1883 she published The Story of an African Farm, a story of Afrikander life, replete with simple but forceful and fascinating pictures of South Africa and its peoples. Dreams, An English South African's View of the Situation (1899) and Trooper Halket are other publications of hers. Her husband and she also are joint-authors of The Political Situation (1895). Her judgments as to this and as to the Transvaal difficulties are those of one who, though half English, appreciates and sympathizes with the native Dutch of South Africa. Her home is at Hanover, Cape Colony.
Schubert (sho͞o′bẽrt), Franz Peter, a celebrated musical composer, was born at Vienna, Jan. 31, 1797. Before he was 11 years old he was singing in a church-choir, and was soon sent to the chorister's school of the court-chapel, where he became leader of the school-band. The Erl King, his immortal song, was composed when only 18, and the Mass in F while teaching in his father's school at Lichtenthal. In 1819 one of his songs, The Shepherd's Lament, was given at a concert at Vienna, and his comic operetta, The Twins, was produced at the theater there. As his songs became known, the enthusiasm with which they were received made publishers ready to accept his manuscripts, and as many as 20 songs were published in eight months. He made a tour with Vogl in 1825, delighting everyone with the performance of Schubert's seven songs from the Lady of the Lake, though the songs were afterward sold for only $100. He gave his first and only concert in Vienna in 1828, which was so successful as to put the needy composer, who had been selling some of his best songs at a penny, beyond want for a time. His musical productions are very numerous, as he wrote rapidly and steadily, sometimes composing six or seven songs in a morning. Everything he saw, heard or read suggested a subject; one of his piano-duets was inspired by the song which he heard sung by a Hungarian girl as he passed the kitchen door, and his Hark! Hark! the Lark flashed over him in a beer-garden. His songs are among his finest work, Beethoven, who saw them only on his deathbed, saying: “Surely Schubert has the divine fire.” His compositions include more than 500 songs, ten symphonies, six masses, several operas, cantatas and a host of sonatas. He died on Nov. 19, 1828. See Life by Frost.
Schumann (sho͞o′män), Robert, a German musician, was born at Zwickau in Saxony, June 8, 1810. He began his musical studies in Leipsic, and in his haste, besides con-
