tute and Cary Baldwin Seminary. The city manufactures (besides agricultural implements and machine-shop products) organs, overalls and wagons; it also has a flour-mill and a planing-mill. Population 10,604.
Stead, William Thomas, an English journalist, was born on July 5, 1849, at Embleton, Northumberland. At 14 he became merchant's apprentice and at 22 editor of The Northern Echo, Darlington. In 1880 he became associate-editor of the Pall Mall Gazette and in 1883 the editor. In 1890 he founded The Review of Reviews, one year later The American Review of Reviews and in 1893 The Australian Review of Reviews. In 1895 he began the publication of the Masterpiece Library of Penny Poets, Novels and Prose Classics. His interests have been social and broadly democratic. For one of his publications against existing social evils, The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon, he was put in jail for three months. His efforts in the interest of international peace have been untiring. His more important publications are The Truth About the Navy, Truth about Russia, The Pope and the New See, The Story that Transformed the World, If Christ came to Chicago, The Labor War in the United States, Satan's Invisible World, A Study of Despairing Democracy, The United States of Europe, Mr. Carnegie's Conundrum, The Conference at the Hague, The Americanization of the World, The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes. He died in the wreck of the Titanic, April 14, 1912.
Steal Away, American Negro Song, published in Jubilee Singers of Fisk University by G. D. Pike. S. Coleridge Taylor has also made a transcription of the melody in his Twenty-four Negro Melodies, transcribed for the Piano.
Steam is the vapor of water. Water gives off vapor without being heated, but this process is usually called evaporation, and the word "steam" is limited to the vapor which arises from boiling water. Steam is lighter than air, and occupies much more space than water; a cubic inch of water will make nearly a cubic foot of steam. Water boils at 212° F. and makes steam, which has the same temperature as the water, but really contains more heat, so that the steam from a boiling teakettle will burn more severely than the boiling water. This extra heat is called latent heat, because it does not affect the thermometer. The boiling temperature of 212° F. is practically constant in vessels which have a free outlet for the steam; but in closed vessels, like boilers, the boiling-point may be raised, and much pressure is produced at the same time. The pressure increases faster than the temperature; for instance, the pressure at the boiling-point is one atmosphere, but it becomes two atmospheres at 249°, four at 301° and twenty at 444°. When the engineer opens a valve to let off steam, the rushing noise it makes shows its power. Steam is used to produce motion, as in the locomotive and other machines; in heating houses; and in other operations where heat is required.
Steamboat. See Steamship.
Steam-En′gine, an apparatus for doing mechanical work by means of heat applied to water. The steam-engine is a form of heat-engine, of which the gas-engine and hot-air engine are two other commercial forms. The first steam-engine dates back to the second century before Christ in the toy æolipile of Hero and in conjuring apparatus used by priests. The beginning of the modern steam-engine was in the water-raising engine of Thomas Savery in 1698. In this the steam acted directly on the water to be raised. The first use of the piston was by Papin in 1705 in a modification of Savery's engine. In the same year Thomas Newcomen made a piston-engine which more nearly approached our modern form. It was, as its name implied, an atmospheric engine. The piston working in a cylinder was connected by a chain with one end of an overhead beam. Steam admitted from the boiler to the cylinder
PISTON AND
CYLINDER
allowed the piston to be raised by a heavy counterpoise hung from the other end of the beam. Then the valve was shut and the steam in the cylinder condensed by a jet of cold water. This left a vacuum in the cylinder and the piston was forced down by the pressure of the atmosphere, and work was done by lifting a pump-rod which was fastened to the other end of the beam. The common story is that a lazy but ingenious boy named Humphrey Potter, who had been set to turn the valve, made the engine close and open its own valves by means of cords and thus invented the first automatic valve-gear. Newcomen's engines were used solely for pumping water from the English collieries. The modern steam-engine is due to James Watt (q.v.), an instrument-maker for the University of Glasgow. Watt's great advances were (1) condensing the steam in a separate vessel called the condenser, thus keeping the cylinder hot, (2) adding an air-pump to help to maintain the vacuum of the cylinder and remove the condensed steam, (3) jacketing the cylinder to prevent cooling off by conduction and radiation, (4) making the engine double-acting, that is, forcing the piston back not by the atmosphere but by steam admitted at the other end of the cylinder and (5) using the steam expansively, in other words, stopping the
