√ed- ‘eat’:—V *d‑: W. dant, Lat. dent‑, etc. < *d‑n̥t- (participial stem) ‘*eater’. F *ed‑: W. ŷs ‘eats’ < *etˢti < *ed-ti, Lat. edo, est.—L *ēd‑: Lat. in-ēdia, Skr. ādyáḥ ‘eatable’.
√ret- ‘run’:—F *ret‑: W. rhedaf ‘I run’, gwa-redaf ‘I succour’, Gaul. Vo-reto‑.—F° *rot‑: Ir. roth, W. rhod ‘wheel’, Lat. rota.—L° *rōt‑: W. rhawd ‘troop’, Ml. W. gwarawt ‘he succoured’ < *u̯o-rāt- < *upo-(re)rōte.
In Kelt. ₑ becomes a before explosives, as well as before l, r, m, n, see iii below. Thus W. adar ‘birds’ < *pₑtₑr‑; adanedd ‘wings’ < *pₑtₑníi̯ās; beside edn ‘bird’ < *petn‑, √pet- ‘fly’. In Italic also we seem to have a for it, as in Lat. quattuor < *qu̯ₑtu̯ores; in Gk. ι in πίσαρες; Hirt, Abl. 15, Meillet, Intr.² 73.
iii. When the vowel is followed by one of the sonants l, r, m, n, the scheme is as follows, er being taken as the example:
| V | R | F | F° | L | L° |
| r | r̥ ₑr | er | or | ēr | ōr |
Examples: suffix *‑ter‑:—V *‑tr‑: W. modryb ‘aunt’ < mā́-tr-əqu̯-ī, Lat. gen. mā-tr-is.—R *‑tr̥‑: Skr. mā-tr̥-kā ‘grandmother’.—F *‑ter‑: W. bro-der ‘brothers’, Gk. acc. πα-τέρ-α.—F° *‑tor‑: W. bro-dor-ion ‘brothers, clansmen’, Gk. acc. φρᾱ́-τορ-α.—L *‑tēr‑: Gk. πατήρ.—L° ‑tōr‑: Gk. φρᾱ́-τωρ.
√bher- ‘bear’: R *bhr̥‑: W. cymryd ‘to take’ < *kom-bhr̥‑t-—F *bher‑: W. cymeraf ‘I take’ < *kom-bher‑; Lat. fero, Gk. φέρω, etc.
√k̑el- ‘hide’:—R *k̑l‑: W. clyd ‘sheltered’ < *k̑l̥‑t‑, Lat. occultus § 61 i (i).—F *k̑el‑: W. celaf ‘I conceal’.—L *k̑ēl‑: Lat. cēl-o.
Before these sonants ₑ appears as a in Kelt., giving al, ar, am, an. In other branches thus : Ar. ₑl, ₑr give Gk. αλ, αρ, Lat. al, ar, Germ. ul, ur, Skr. ir ur (for both), Lith. il ul, ir ur; Ar. ₑm, ₑn give Gk. αμ, αν, Lat. am, an or em, en (venio § 100 i (4), tenuis below), Germ. um, un, Skr. am, an, Lith. im um, in un.
The V-grade occurs only before vowels. The form r̥, n̥, etc. of the R-grade occurs only before consonants; the form ₑr, ₑn, etc. before vowels, and before i̯ and u̯. Where in the derived languages the latter appears before other consonants, a vowel following it has been elided since the Ar. period. I use ’ to mark this elision.
Examples: V-grade of el in W. glas ‘green’ see vii (3); of er in rhann vii (2); of en in glin vii (4).
R-grade before consonants, l̥, r̥, m̥, n̥, see examples in §§ 61, 62.
R-grade before vowels: W. malaf ‘I grind’ < *mₑl‑, √melāˣ- ‘grind’;—araith ‘speech’, Ir. airecht < *ₑreq‑t‑, √ereq- ‘speak’: O. Bulg. reką ‘I speak’ (with V-grade of 1st syll.);—archaf ‘I ask’, Ir. arco < Kelt. *ar’k- < *pₑrₑk̑‑, √perek̑‑: Lat. precor (with V-grade of 1st syll.);—carr ‘car’, Ir. carr, Gaul. (‑Lat.) carr(‑us) < Pr. Kelt. *kar’sos: Lat. currus < *qr̥s-os;—darn ‘fragment’ < *dₑr’n- < *dₑrə‑n‑: Skr. dīrṇáḥ ‘split, divided’ < *dr̥̄n- < *dₑrə‑n‑, √derā-
