Note 1.—No. 1 occurs only in old formations; ‑i̯ad denoting the agent affects, ‑i̯ad abstract does not, § 143 iii (18), iv (5).—No. 2, though common as a fixed affection, is comparatively rare in inflexion. No. 3 is usual in inflexion, but rare in composition, e.g. rhán-dir ‘allotment’, háf-ddɥdd ‘summer’s day’, cán-ddrɥll ‘shattered’, á-dɥn ‘wretch’, ád-fyd ‘adversity’, tán-llɥd ‘fiery’, hád-ɥd ‘seed’ (had + ɥd, but héd-ɥn ‘a seed’).—No. 4 is only written in old combinations, as gweiẟi r.m. 174, seiri; it is rare before i̯, see § 144 iii (2).—Nos. 5 and 6 also occur only in set forms, and eɥ is now wrongly written eu, as meusydd.
Note 2.—In Ml. W. a in preceding syllables had become e before ỿ, or before one of the above affections; in Mn. W. the a is generally restored, § 70 i, as enr͑ydeẟ now anrhydedd ‘honour’, gwerendewɥch, now gw̯randewɥch. It occasionally remains as in lleferɥdd ‘speech’ (: llafar id.), and even spreads, as in llefaru for llafaru.
Note 3.—ɥ in the falling diphthong w͡y does not affect: arw͡ydd etc. § 38 vi.
Note 4.—u does not affect a: canu, parchu, etc. But crededun occurs r.p. 1368, 1424, beside credadun do. 1298, 1235.
The Aryan consonants in Keltic and British
§ 84. The Aryan parent language had the following consonant system:
| Labial. | Dental. | Palatal. | Velar. | Labio- velar. | |
| Explosives: | |||||
| Tenues | p | t | k̑ | q | qu̯ |
| Tenues aspiratae | ph | th | k̑h | qh | qu̯h |
| Mediae | b | d | g̑ | ɡ | ɡu̯ |
| Mediae aspiratae | bh | dh | g̑h | ɡh | ɡhu̯ |
| Spirants: | |||||
| Voiceless | s, þ | ||||
| Voiced | z, ð | j | |||
| Sonants: | |||||
| Nasals | m | n | |||
| Liquids | l, r | ||||
| Semivowels | i̯ | [ə̯] | u̯ |
