1254 < *uo-gn-n-, Vgerie-, 196 ii (4); the v.n. is gweini <*uo- gnlm- 203 vii (4), These represent Ar. iteratives and causatives in -eie- ( : -i- : -I-}.
(7) K-grade of V + *-isq->W. -ych-, as llewych-af (late corruption llewyrchaf) < *lug-isk-, Vleuq/g- : Gk. -I-O-KW; F-grade of V + *-sq-
> W. -ch-, in Ml. W. pu-ch-af ' I wish ' < *quoi-sq-, Vquoi- : Lith. Jcveczu ' I invite ', O. Pruss. quoi ' he will ', Lat. ms, 0. Lat. vois ' thou wishest ', Lat. invltus, (qu > Lat. v), Gk. KOITCU ywaiKuiv cTrtdu/u'at Hes. Ar. suff. *-sqe-.
(8) Other Ar. stem-forms, mostly deverbatives and denominatives, such as -d- or -dh- stems, as rhathaf, rhathu 91 ii; -t- stems, as gadaf ' I leave ' < *ghd-t- ii (2) ; -u- stems, as (gwr)andawaf ' I listen ' 76 iii (i) ; stems with -m-, as tyfaf ' I grow ' < * tu-m- : Lat. tumeo, Vteud x - ' increase ' ; etc.
ii. (i) Many verbs are denominatives formed from the v.n. as stem. Old examples are gafaelaf ' I take hold ' from v.n. gafael 188 iv ; gwasanaethaf ( I serve ' from v.n. gwasanaeth ' to serve ' ; as the latter was also an abs. noun meaning 1 ' service ', a new v.n. gwasanaethu was made from the verb, 203 i (i) ; ymdcUr(i)edaf ' I trust ' from \.n.ymddir(i}ed ; andawaffrom andaw i (8) ; cadwaf etc. 202 v. For later examples see (3).
(2) (a) The verb gadaf ' I leave, let, permit ', v.n. gadu, gadael, gadel has a doublet adawaf'I leave, leave behind ', v.n. adaw (in Late Ml. and Mn. W. gadawaf, v.n. gadaw, gaclo\ The two verbs are conjugated regularly throughout ; thus—
i. gadaf : 3rd sg. pres. ind. gad, 2nd sg. impv. gad, 2nd pi. do. gedwch, 3rd sg. pres. subj. goto = galto B.P. 1271; na at K.P. 1299
> nat do. 1216, Mn. "W. nad ' let not ', na ato > nato ' forbid ' ; from these we have nadafL forbid', v.n. nadu c.c. 187, Card, nadel.
Och arglwy8, heb y Gwalchmei, gat y mi vynet . . . Ae adu a wnaeth Arthur K.M. 181 '"Alas lord," said G., " let me go." And A. let him.' Ny adei ef hun vyth ar legat dyn W.M. 465 ' he never left sleep on eye of man.' Ym-ad a P.G.G. 22 'forego ' impv.
Gwedd ewyn, cyd gweddiwyf,
Gadu ar Dduw rannu 'r wyf. D.G. 17.
' [Maid of] the colour of foam, though I pray, I leave it to God to dispose.'
Ac ato'dd awn bei'm getid. G.G1. P 83/59.
' And to him would I go, if I were allowed.'
Nad i ferch newidio foes. D.G. 295. ' Let not a woman change my life ' (? read niweidio ' mar ').
