iii. The stems of denominatives are formed in W. either without a suffix, or with the suffixes -ycJi-, -yg-, -ha-, -ho- or -i- ; thus—
(1) Without a suffix: bwyd-af'I feed', v.n. bwyd-o, from bwyd 1 food ' ; meddiann-af ' I take possession ', v.n. -u, from meddiant * possession ' ; pur-af ' I purify ', v.n. -o, from pur ' pure ' ; arfog-af ' I arm ', v.n. -i, from arfog ' armed '.
(2) Suff. -yen- as in brad-ych-af I betray ', v.n. bradychu, from brad ' treason ' ; chwenychaf ' I desire ', v.n. chwenychu IL.A. 13, whenychu E.B.B. 89, cJiwennych D.G. 91, from chwant 'desire'; tewgch-af ' I fatten ', v.n. -, from tew ' fat ' ; on the suff. see i (7).
The relation between this and the abstr. noun ending -wch 143 iii (23) is seen in pas 'cough' < *q%dst- ( : O.E. hwosta), pesychaf'T. cough ', pesychu ' to cough ', peswch ' coughing ' ; the last is a suffixless v.n., and is still used as a v.n. in S.W. dialects. Ar. *-isq- > *-tf*x > -wch 96 iii (4), 26 vi (5).
diolwch 'to thank' W.M. n, 'thanks' do. 34, became diolch 'to thank' B.B.B. 134, 'thanks' do. 10, and *diolychaf ( I thank' became diolchafwM. 104 even earlier; diolwch < *de-ial-isq- : W. iolaf 'I praise ', v.n., ioli, eiriolaf ' I entreat ', v.n. eiriawl < *ar-idl- ; Kelt. *idl- ' speak fervently ' < Ar. *jdl- ' fervent ' : Gk. ^Xos, Dor. SAos 'zeal'.
(3) Suff. -yg-, as in gwaethyg-af I become worse ', v.n. -n, from gwaeth ' worse ' ; mawryg-af ' I extol ', v.n. -u, from mawr c great' .
The suff. is prob. a variant o-ych- after th, II, cf. -wg 143 iii (23). The stem-form of Ml. W. gwellygyaw from gwall ' defect ' has been influenced by the synonymous diffygyaw < Lat. de-fai-.
(4) Suff. -ha- ; the -k- unvoiced -6, -d, -g> and often -/, -8 111 iii. It has various uses :
(a) ' to seek ', added to nouns, forming v.n.'s without a v.n. ending : card6ta ' to beg ' (cardod ' charity ') ; biota ' to beg meal ' (blawd ' meal ') ; cica ' to beg meat ' (cig ' meat ') ; fta ' to beg corn ' (yd ' corn ') ; py%g6ta ' to fish ' (pysgod ( fish ') ; cneua ' to gather nuts ' (cnau ' nuts ') ; addra ' to go bird-catching ' (adar ' birds ') ; cynuta ' to gather fuel ' (cynnud ' fuel ') ; llygota ' to catch mice ' (llygod 'mice'); gwreica 'to seek a wife' (gwraig 'wife'); lloffa ' to glean ' (ttaw(f) ' hand '), etc. None of these has a corresponding verb, 204 i ; but many have a nomen agentis in -hai, as bldtai, cynutai 143 iv (2).
