but a few groves remain. Iron and coal are found, also amber and asphalt. In winter the snowfall is great, and the snow lasts on the sum- mits for six months; in the ravines it is found the year round, and is carried to Beirut and other cities in the heat oi summer. Two important rivers rise in the mountains and flow through the Buka‘a before turning westward to the sea, the Litany (Loontes) ilowing southward and el-Aai (Orontes) flowing to the north. Numerous streams water the western slopes, and here and in the valleys the soil is fruitful; orchards, vine- yards, olive and mulberry plantations, and fields of wheat and barley abound. Estimates of the population vary from 260,000 to 400,000. Thrce— quarters oi them are Christians, oi whom more than half are Mnronites, Greek Catholics (ortho- dox and Uniates) coming next in order of num- bers. The non»Christinn inhabitants are the llruses (q.v.) . The chief occupation is the rear— ing of silkworius and grcat quantities of raw silk are exported to Italy and France; some silk manufacture is also carried on in the villages, and tllerc are several factories established by for- eign firms. The carriage-road over the Lebanon irom Beirut to Damascus is now supplanted by a narrowrgauge railway, opened in 1895. About 20 miles oi it are coggcd. The moun- tains do not contain many ancient remains. There are some cnrly anchorites’ coves and rock tombs. The Lebanon has always been in a. measure independent of the Turk | Government. Since the massacres of the Christians in 1860 and the consequent French intervention (see Drusns) it has had a Christian Governor under the protection oi the Powers. The people are markedly superior to other inhabitants oi Syria. Consult, besides the standard works on Palestine and Syria, such as Robinson, Buhl, and George Adam Smith, Frnas, Bret Monaie im Lebanon (Stuttgart, 1870); Porter, Handbook [or Travelers in Syria and Palestine (London, 1575),
LEBANON SPRINGS. A village of New York. See New LEBANO. .
LEBANON VALLEY COLLEGE. A co- cducntionnl college at Almville, Pa, founded in 1867; and under the control of the United Breth- rcn. The institution comprises fire departments: a college, oilering five groups oi studies, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, rind prepara- tory, normal, music, and art departments. In lfl03 the total attendance was 460, including 170 collegiate students, with 29 instructors. The library contained 10,000 volumes. The Value of the buildings of the college and grounds was $150,000, the endowment $75,000, the gross in- come 000. and the total value of college proper y 30,000.
LE BAS, ll: llz'l, Plilr.erE (1794-1860). A Fronrlr nrclucolog t and historian, born in Paris. From 1820 until 1827 he had charged the edu- cation of Louis Napoleon, afterwards Napoleon 111. Subsequently ho was proicssor of Greek at the Lyceum and lecturer at the Normal School. In 1842 he was sent by the Government on an archaeological expedition to Greece and Asia Minor. lie was elected (in the Institute in 1838. His works include: I'M/arm nrclléolvgt'que en Grrlcc or mt Arie Minem'n (1847768), completed by Wnddington; Empliraliml (ch lorm‘piioor gmqucr cf mines rccncr'llcr ca (ire-cc (1835). LEan S. See TEAnmEus.
LEBEAU, Ie-bo’, JEAN LOUIS Joann! (1794- 1865). A Belgian statesman. He was born at Huy; practiced law at Liege; and through the Liberal organ, Mathieu Iloensbergh (later La Politique), which he founded in 1324, brought about the union of the Liberals and Clericals for separation from Holland. Under Leopold he was Minister of Justice (1832-34), Governor of Namnr,Ambassador to the German Confederation in 1839, Minister of Foreign Afl'airs (1340- 41), and after returning to the House of Deputies, a lender oi the Liberals and a strong opponent oi the Clerical Party until his resigna- tion in 1864. His Souvenirs persth were edited by Freson (Brussels, 1858).
LE BEAU, Loursn Amman (1850—). A German composer, born at Rastatt, Baden. She studied music with Kalliwoda, Frau Schumann, Sachs, Rbeinberger, and Lachner. She was a. brilliant concert pianist and gave successiul eon- certs throughout Germany. Her compositions, especially ior the piano, are popular. The best known of her works are: gavotte, for piano; fantasia, for piano and orchestra; several so— natas; and the choral work Hadmnoth (1894).
LEBEDIN, lyé’be-dyén’. The capital of a district in the Russian Government oi Kharkov, about 105 miles northwest oi the town oi Khar- kov (Map: Russia,D 4). It manufactures chiefly tallow and sugar, and carries on some trade in grain. Population, in 1397, 14,200.
LEBEL, lerbél’, NICOLAS (1838-91). AFreneh oifioer and inventor. He was born near Angers, graduated irom the military school oi Saint-Cyr in 1555, and took part as captain in the campaign of 1870 with the Army oi the North. Later he was appointed director of the artillery school at Tours and in 1883 oi that oi Chalons, where he began to experiment on firearms. As a result he was connuissioncd to secure a new gun ior the infantry. He invented a weapon oi small calibre, which, aiter being periectcd by others, was adopted by the French Army in 1386.
LEBERT, lir'bert. HERMANN (1813~78). A German physician. He was born llt Breslau; was educated at Berlin, Zurich, and Paris; and in 1836 began to practice at Bex in Switzerland. The winters of 1842 to 1845 he spent in Paris in pathological research, especially microscopical, and published the resulm in Physiologie patholo» gique (1545). He settled in Paris in 1847 and stayed there until 1852, when he Went to Zurich {[5 clinical professor of the university. In 1859 he went to Breslllu in the slime capacity. He was one of the first to recognize and utilize the importance oi histology for pathology. He made special studies of tuberculosis, cancer, and acroiuln. His writings include: Tmité prafique des maladies acre/utensils et tuberculeuses(1349) and Des maladies Cancéreuses (1851); Traité d’anafomie pathologique générale of specials (1355.00) ; Allgcmcine Parholoor‘e mid Therapie [2d ed. 1875) : Klim'k des Brlwtkrankheilen (1873~74) ; nnd Krmllcllei'tcr dos Mogm (1878).
LEBERT, SIEGMUND (1822-84). A German music-teacher. born at Ludwigsburg. Aiter studying music at Prague he settled in Munich, where he established himself as n pianist and teacher. In 1856 he founded, in conjunction with Stark and others, the Stuttgart Conservatory.
