is based on a number of adverse health effects ranging from irritation to cancer [57 Fed. Reg. 22290 (1992)]. A full discussion of the health effects of formaldehyde is beyond the scope of this review.
Reported measurements for kerosene and total dust were far below the occupational exposure limits. The NIOSH REL for kerosene is 100 mg/m3 as a 10-hr TWA during a 40-hr workweek [NIOSH 1977]. No NIOSH REL has been established for total dust. OSHA has a PEL of 5 mg/m3 for the respirable fraction of particulates not otherwise regulated [29 CFR 1910.1000(z)(1)]. Kerosene is defined as Fuel Oil No. 1, Range oil (note: a refined petroleum solvent [predominantly C9–C16] that is typically 25% normal paraffins, 11% branched paraffins, 30% monocycloparaffins, 12% dicycloparaffins, 1% tricycloparaffins, 16% mononuclear aromatics, and 5% dinuclar aromatics) [NIOSH 1997]. Santosol, SurSol, and odorless kerosene are similar in chemical composition to kerosene. Symptoms of kerosene exposure include eye, skin, nose, and throat irritation; burning sensation in the chest; headache; nausea; weakness; restlessness; incoordination; confusion, drowsiness; vomiting, diarrhea; dermatitis; and chemical pneumonia (if liquid kerosene is aspirated). Airborne exposures at concentrations cited in the CCP studies are not likely to lead to eye or upper respiratory irritation. Quantitation of skin exposure to kerosene from CCP has not been reported. However, skin contact with CCP containing kerosene or its components could result in skin irritation.
