PHILADELPHIA
American Philosophical Society.—We select the following extracts from the reports of the recent meetings of this Society:—
Prof. Trego has communicated an extract from a letter from Mr. Davidson of the Coast Survey, to Mr. D. B. Smith of Germantown, detailing the method employed to obtain the recent determination of longitude and the velocity of the electric current between Cambridge and San Francisco.
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SAN FRANCISCO CHRONOGRAPH.
"I give you the first written news not only of our telegraph longitude success, but of the success of my plan for determining the time of transmission of clock signals from my clock to Cambridge and back, over 7,000 miles of wire, through 13 repeaters and a multitude of relays. Through the liberality of the Western Union Telegraph Company, I had two trans-continental lines placed at my use, and last night I succeeded beautifully. My circuit was as follows. My clock breaks the local circuit every second, depriving the helix A of its electricity, and the magnet of its magnetism. This relieves the armature B, which is drawn away by a spring, and the pen C makes its record on the revolving cylinders of the chronograph. At the same instant the main current to Cambridge and back is broken by the insulated prolongation of the armature at D, and the break transmitted to Cambridge and back, through 7,000 miles of wire, to my relay E, which relieves the armature F, and the local circuit is broken; the helix G deprived of its electricity and the magnet of its magnetism, relieving the armature H, which is drawn away by a spring, and the pen I makes the record on the revolving cylinders of the chronograph. These two pens are on the same horizontal line. Our experiments show that it took 0·87 of a second to traverse the above circuit. I also made experiments through to Buffalo, Chicago, Omaha, Cheyenne, Salt Lake, and Virginia, and back. All successful. As this experiment was not contemplated by the programme of the longitude experiments, I have the satisfaction of seeing my ingenuity successfully proved."
Prof. Kirkwood has communicated through Mr. Chase a discussion of the periodicity of the Sun's spots. We shall return to this communication.
Mr. Dubois presented a specimen and analysis of silver ore, accompanied with the following note from the Assay Office, United States Mint:—
"In the Report of the British Commission on International Coinage, lately published, we find an extract from the Journal des Debuts, of November 13, 1866, stating that the German assayers had found the average fineness of French gold coins of that year to be 898 thousandths, and a fraction. It adds that this is an unworthy source of gain to Government, whose ambition it should be to have the coins correct. The Moniteur of November 20 (official organ) replies, that this is as near to standard as can be expected from the defects of practical operation; and that it is the duty of Government to prevent these 'ill-founded criticisms.' Our own assays, for many years, have proved a deficiency in the French coins, averaging about one-thousandth. The apology of the Moniteur has no just foundation. Both at this Mint, and at San Francisco, the gold coins are kept close to the mark, scarcely varying the tenth of a thousandth; as is proved by annual assays, and by foreign reports. British coinage is equally exact.
"This fact affords an arginnent against the project of International Coinage. If we work to 900, and France to 899 or less, and both pass alike, the difference is against us."
DIARY.
THURSDAY, November 4.
FRIDAY, November 5.
MONDAY, November 8.
TUESDAY, November 9.
WEDNESDAY, November 10.
THURSDAY, November 11.
BOOKS RECEIVED.
English.—Chemistry: Prof. Attfield (Van Voorst).—Scenery of England and Wales: D. Mackintosh, F.G.S. (Longmans).—Practical Chemistry: Harcourt and Madan (Clarendon Press).—The Three Kingdoms of Nature: R. S. Haughton (CasseU).—Flora of Middlesex: Trimen and Dyer (Hardwicke).—Natural Philosophy in Easy Lessons: John Tyndalt (Cassell).—Vegetable Physiology; Dr. Lankester (Cassell).—Our Bodies: E. A. Davidson (Cassell). — Scientific Chemistry: F. S. Barff (Groombridge).—Science of Heat: T. A. Orme (Groombridge).—Mechanical Philosophy; R. Wurmell (Groombridge),—How Crops Grow (Macmillan).—Travels in Central Africa: Mr. and Mrs. Petherick (Tinsley).—New Tracks in North America: W. A. Bell (Chapman and Hall).—Intelligence of Animals: E. Menault (Cassell).—Picture Natural History (Cassell).—Gold Fields and Mineral Districts of Victoria: R. Brough Smyth (Trübner and Co.).—The World of the Sea: A. Fredol (Cassell).—Prehistoric Times: Sir John Lubbock, Bart. (Williams and Norgate).—De la Rue and Co.'s Red Letter Diaries for 1870.—Natural History of British Moths: E. Newman (Tweedie).
American.—The Mississippi Valley: J. W. Foster.—Production of Precious Metals: W. P. Blake.—Parsons on the Rose.—System of Mineralogy: Dana and Brush.—Guide to the Study of Insects: A. S. Packard. (Through Trübner and Co.)
Foreign.—Echinides: Cotteau etTriger (with atlas).—Ueber Batrachier: Keferstein. — Protozoe Helvetica: W. A. and C. von F. Coster. — Die Ellip- tischen Functionen : HaitendorfF. — Lecons de Chimie : Alfred Riche.— Der Cultur-lngenieur : vol. ii. pan 2. — Die Chinacultur auf Java : van Gorkom. — Handbuch der Edelstcinkunde : Schrauf. — Die internationale Einigung durch das metrische System : C Bopp, — Landwirthschaftliche Zoologie : Giebel. — Bibliotheque des Sciences naturelles (Zoologie): Gervais et Sauvage. — Erratische Bildungen im Aargau : Mtihlberg. — Bergbaukunde (2 vols,): Lottner(posthumous). — Zur Kenntniss der Bryozoen : Nitsche. — Vierteljahrs- schrift fiir ofFentHche Gesundheitopflege : vol. i. part 3. — Dictionnaire tech- nologique : Kunipf et Mothes (vols. i. iii). (Through Williams and Norgate : A.sher and Co.).
CONTENTS
| PAGE | ||
| Goethe: Aphorisms on Nature. By Prof. Huxley, F.R.S. | 9 | |
| On the Fertilisation of Winter-Flowering Plants. By A. W. Bennett, F.L.S. (With Illustrations) | 11 | |
| Protoplasm at the Antipodes | 13 | |
| The Recent Total Eclipse in America. By J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S. (With Illustrations) | 14 | |
| Madsen's Danish Antiquities. By Sir J. Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S. | 15 | |
| Newman's British Moths. By W. S. Dallas, F.L.S (With Illustrations) | 16 | |
| Our Book Shelf | 17 | |
| Science-Teaching in Schools. By the Rev. W. Tuckwell | 18 | |
| The late Professor Graham. By Prof. Williamson, F.R.S. (With Portrait) | 20 | |
| Meeting of the German Naturalists and Physicians at Innsbruck. By A. Geikie, F.R.S | 22 | |
| Triassic Dinosauria. By Prof. Huxley, F.R.S | 23 | |
| Correspondence:—The Suez Canal. T. Login, C.E | 24 | |
| Notes | 25 | |
| Astronomy.—Astronomical Congress at Vienna | 26 | |
| Chemistry.—Abstracts of Papers by Bettendorff, Paterno, Peligot, &c. | 27 | |
| Physics.—Magnus on Heat Spectra | 28 | |
| Physiology.—Pettenkofer on Cholera, &c. | 28 | |
| Societies and Academies | 29 | |
| Diary | 30 | |
| Books received | 30 | |
