latter, and more trustworthy series, Jupiter does not indeed shine quite so brightly as Prof. Bond supposed, but the planet yet shines three times as brightly as a globe of equal size would shine, if similarly placed, but constituted like Mars, and four times as brightly as such a globe would shine if constituted like our moon. Jupiter shines, in fact, very nearly as brightly as though he were constituted like one of our terrestrial clouds!
This result is highly significant. If Jupiter showed no belts and shone with a pure white color, we could explain it at once by simply regarding Jupiter as wholly cloud-covered or snow-covered (for snow and cloud shine with nearly equal lustre when similarly illuminated). But the great dark belts which occupy so large a proportion of the planet's disk altogether negative this supposition. We seem compelled to believe that some considerable portion of the planet's lustre is inherent.
Let us, however, proceed carefully here. We have to inquire first how far Zöllner's results can be trusted; and, secondly, whether they are corroborated by any independent evidence. Now, Zöllner carefully estimated the weight of his observations—we may say he jealously estimated their weight, for it must be remembered that he was in no way interested in securing a greater or less result, while he was greatly interested in so stating the value of his results that those who might succeed him in the inquiry should not detect any serious error in his estimate. But his opinion of the probable degree of error in his observations was such as scarcely to affect to an appreciable extent the statements we have made above. Taking Zöllner's lowest estimate of Jupiter's brightness, that statement remains appreciably correct.
And next as to corroborative evidence.
It happens that we have a very delicate means of measuring the degree of Jupiter's luminosity, as compared with that of other orbs similarly placed. For his satellites pass across his face, and nothing can be easier than to observe whether they appear darker or brighter than his surface.
It was an observation such as this which Mr. Lassell had made on the night when he noticed the ruddiness of Jupiter's great medial belt. By a singular chance Father Secchi made a similar observation during his researches, and the reader will see, when we have quoted the narratives of both these observers, that the comparative darkness of all four satellites will have been established. "The fourth satellite," says Lassell, "has begun again for a season to cross the planet's disk, and I have looked out for opportunities of observing its passages, and was favored on the night of the 30th December last by witnessing a part of its passage under circumstances more than usually propitious. On its first entrance it was scarcely to be distinguished from the edge, not appearing at all as the others do, as a round bright spot. As it advanced, it grew gradually manifestly darker than the surface of the
