CUMBERLAND 567 Crossville. VII. A S. county of Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, bisected by Cumber- land river ; area, about 375 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 7,690, of whom 1,509 were colored. The surface is hilly near the river, and the soil moderately fertile. There is a remarkable oil spring near the river. The chief productions in 1870 were 20,523 bushels of wheat, 243,840 of Indian corn, 43,300 of oats, 64,948 Ibs. of butter, and 1,304,366 of tobacco. There were 1,427 horses, 1,075 milch cows, 2,381 other cattle, 6,789 sheep, and 16,883 swine. Capital, Burksville. VIII. A S. E. county of Illinois, intersected by Embarras river; area, 310 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 12,223. It is diversified by forests and prairies, and the soil is fertile. The St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute, and Indian- apolis railroad passes through it, and the Chi- cago division of the Illinois Central intersects the N. W. corner. The chief productions in 1870 were 85,247 bushels of wheat, 403,075 of Indian corn, 171,880 of oats, 9,372 tons of hay, 68,653 Ibs. of butter, and 34,421 of wool. There were 3,570 horses, 2,328 milch cows, 3,645 other cattle, 12,132 sheep, and 10,058 swine ; 10 saw mills, and 1 woollen factory. Capital, Prairie City. CUMBERLAND, a county of Nova Scotia, Can- ada, bounded N. by Northumberland straits, N. W. by New Brunswick, Cumberland basin, and Chignecto bay, and S. and E. by Mines channel and basin and the county of Colches- ter; area, about 1,600 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 23,518. It has the harbors of Pugwash and Wallace on the N. coast, and on the bay of Fundy Cumberland basin, Apple river, Advo- cate harbor, and Partridge island. It is watered by several rivers, and a large part of its extent from E. to W. is traversed by the Cobequid range of hills, which form a broad broken pla- teau. Near Cumberland basin are extensive tracts of diked marsh. Coal, gypsum, lime- stone, and sandstone are among the minerals. Agriculture, lumbering, and ship building form the principal branches of industry. The first settlers were French, some of whose descen- dants still remain. Capital, Amherst. CUMBERLAND, a N. W. county of England, separated from Scotland by Solway frith and the Esk and Liddle rivers, bounded W. by the Irish sea, and bordering on the counties of Northumberland, Durham, Westmoreland, and Lancashire; area, 1,565 sq. m., two thirds of which are under cultivation ; pop. in 1871, 220,245. The N. and N. W. parts are low and flat or gently undulating ; the midland dis- tricts are traversed by hills, and the E. and S. W. parts occupied by mountains, among which are the famous summits of Skiddaw, Saddle- back, and Helvellyn, about 3, 000' ft. above the sea. In this picturesque district are Lakes Ullswater, Thirlmere, Bassenthwaite, Der- wentwater, Buttermere, Crummock, Lowes- water, Ennerdale, and Wastwater, renowned for their romantic scenery, and often visited by travellers. The principal rivers are the Derwent, Eden, and Esk. The soil of the valleys and river bottoms is generally rich ; the lowlands have been much improved by drain- ing and are very productive ; the mountainous districts are fit for little but sheep pastures. Grain and other produce are largely exported. The chief minerals are coal, iron, silver, plum- bago, copper, lead, and limestone. The first three are abundant; the purest plumbago is found at Borrowdale ; and the iron ore is said to yield more than double the average pro- portion of metal. The lead mines near Alston belong almost exclusively to Greenwich hos- pital. The county is traversed by several rail- ways. A ship canal extends from Carlisle to the Solway frith. A considerable extent of the great Roman wall erected by Hadrian is in this county, and many Roman remains of various kinds have been found here. The county suf- fered much from the Picts, Scots, and Danes, and was the scene of almost constant warfare during the border troubles. At the time of the conquest it was so desolate that William remitted its taxes, and it was not included in Domesday Book. The chief towns are Carlisle, the capital, Whitehaven, Workington, Cocker- mouth, Penrith, Keswick, and Egremont. CUMBERLAND, a city and the capital of Alle- gany co., Md., on the left bank of the Potomac, and on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad ; pop. in 1870, 8,056, of whom 623 were colored. It is the W. terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, and the E. terminus of the national road. A few miles west of the town, upon the summit of the Alleghanies, commences the district known as the Cumberland coal region, which extends west to the Ohio river. The mines of the eastern portion produce ex- cellent semi-bituminous coal, and are worked by several companies. Iron ores in the same region, and others of the older formations nearer Cumberland, have given support to a few blast furnaces. It contains the county buildings, and several handsome church edifices. CUMBERLAND. I. Richard, an English divine, born in London, July 13, 1632, died Oct. 9, 1718. He studied medicine a short time, but abandoned it for theology, and in 1658 be- came rector of Brampton in Northamptonshire, where he remained till 1667, when Sir Orlando Bridgman appointed him his chaplain, and soon after bestowed on him the living of Allhallows in Stamford. In 1692 he was appointed bish- op of Peterborough. He was remarkable for purity of private life, for diligence in the dis- charge of his duties, and for extent and variety of learning. When 83 years of age he com- menced the study of Coptic. In 1672 he pub- lished in Latin De Legibus Natures Disquisitio Philosophica, &c., a philosophical disquisition on the laws of nature, in which their form, chief heads, order, promulgation, and obligation are investigated from the nature of things, and the elements of the philosophy of Hobbes, both moral and political, are considered and refuted. It is upon this work that the reputation of
