BARNARD.BARNARD.
" Too Soon," " Eugenea," "The Dreamland Tree," and " Katy Neal." He also helped to write the play "We, Us and Co." His published books include: "My Ten Rod Farm"; "Farming by Inches"; " The Strawberry Garden " ; " A Simple Flower Garden"; "The Tone Masters" (3 vols, 1871); "The Soprano" (1872); " Legilda Roman- ief(1880); "Knights of Today" (1881); "Coop- eration as a Business" (1881); "A Dead Town" (1884); "Talks About the Weather" (1885), "Talks About the Soil" (1886); "Talks About Our Useful Plants" (16), and "Graphic Method in Teaching" (1889).
BARNARD, Daniel Dewey, lawyer, was born at Sheffield, Mass., July 16, 1797. His education was received at Williams college, and after his graduation in 1818, he took up the study of law in Rochester, N. Y., where he was admitted to the bar in 1821. He won a wide reputation at the bar of western New York. In 1826 he was elected district attorney of Monroe county, and in 1828 was chosen to represent his district in the 21st Congress. He then went abroad, and on his return made his home in Albany, N. Y.. where he served one year in the state assembly. He was a representative in the 26th-29th congresses, 1839-'47. He received the degree of LL.D. from Hobart in 1834, Columbia in 1845, and Brown in 1853; and was a member of the New York historical society. In 1850 President Fill- more appointed him U. S. minister to Prussia, where he represented his country for three years. He died in Albany. N. Y., AprilM, 1861.
BARNARD, Edward Emerson, astronomer, war born in NashviUe, Tenn., Dec. 16, 1857. At the age of eight, the fatherless lad began to earn his living in a photograph studio. He was fond of study, and a book on practical astronomy rousad his interest in that subject. From the maps and charts of this book he learned some of the wonders of the sky. As a telescope was his first want, he mounted the object lens of a com- mon spy-glass in a paper tube made by himself, and with this crude but ingenious instrument he secured an observation of the crescent form of Venus, the disks of the other planets and phen- omena so strange that he longed for better views. In 1877 by rigid economy he was enabled to pur- chase a five-inch telescope. With this instru- ment, the young astronomer began to study Jupiter and to search for comets. In 1886 he dis- covered Comet IV., and by 1887 had become world renowned as the leading discoverer of comets. In 1883 he left his occupation as photographer to accept a fellowship in astronomy at Vanderbilt university. He took a course in English, French, German, mathematics and physics at the imi- versity, and was graduated from the school of mathematics in 1887. The faculty placed him in
charge of the observatory connected with the
university when he began his course and he
became a diligent observer. H. H. Warner of
the Warner observatory in Rochester, N. Y., had
offered a prize of two hundred dollars for the
di.scovery of each new comet, and Barnard
received three of these prizes. The money thus
obtained enabled him to buy books and apparatus
needful in liis work. In 1888 Professor Barnard
accepted a position in the Lick observatory. His
observations at the Vanderbilt university had
covered a "svide range. He had studied asteroids,
nebulae, double stars, planets, the moon, sun-
spots, meteors, occulations and eclipses. With
increased zeal he continued this wide field of
study at Lick university. In 1890 he observed a
double transit of the first satelUtes across the
disk of Jupiter, and in July, 1892, he began to use '
the large telescope on that planet and soon aston-
ished the astronomical world by discovering a
new moon revolving about Jupiter. Tliis moon
appeared as a faint speck of light and had
escaped the observation of astronomers for three
hundred years. The discovery made the superior-
ity of the Lick telescope manifest. The making
of photographs of the milky way interested Mr.
Barnard more than any other work that he under-
took. His plates revealed facts that materi-
ally changed astronomical computations. Older
astronomers estimated the number of suns in
the milky way at about 20,000,000. Mr. Barnard
asserted that he could photograph 200,000,000 in
a five-minute dry -plate exposure, and that his
finished photographs revealed 500,000,000 suns.
Photography greatly assisted Professor Barnard
in the study and discerning of comets, besides
being fruitful in unlooked-for directions. He was
made a fellow of the Royal astronomical society
of London in 1887. His observations are recorded
in the standard astronomical journals of the
world. He was professor of astronomy in the
University of Chicago and astronomer of Yerkes
observatory from 1895. In 1893 the French
academy of science awarded to him the Lalande
gold medal for his discover}' of the 5th moon of
Jupiter, and in the same year he received the
Donahoe medal for his pliotographic discovery of
a comet in 1892. The French academy of science
gave him its highest honor in the bestowal of the
Argo medal for his discovery of Jupiter's fifth
satellite in 1894. This medal has only been given
to two others, Leverrier in 1846 and Prof. Asaph
Hall in 1877. He also received the gold medal
of the Royal Astronomical society in 1897, for
the same distinguishing work.
BARNARD, Frederick Augustus Porter, educator, was born atSlieffield. Berkshire county, Mass., March 5, 1809 ; son of Robert Foster and Augusta (Porter) Barnard. He was graduated
