fore left the desk or the plough. While some of these
improvised officers were persons of character and talent,
others possessed no merit but their ability to raise men.
The men thus raised would consider and treat such an
officer as an equal, “and, in the character of an officer,”
says Washington, “regard him no more than a
broomstick.”[1] Some of the Americans had distinguished
themselves by deeds of valor, but, like all raw recruits,
they were subject to panics, often entirely unreasonable.
These facts must constantly be borne in mind,
or the story of the Revolution becomes incomprehensible.
Sir William Howe, on the other hand,
commanded a regular, disciplined soldiery, scarcely to be
surpassed in Europe, and provided with everything
desirable for the conduct of a war.
For three days after the engagement at Chatterton Hill the armies stood facing each other and strengthened their fortifications. On the night of the 31st of October, Washington retreated to a strong position above White Plains, and Howe on the morrow, after harassing the American rear-guard, turned his attention to a new scheme.
On the highest point of New York Island, where a hill rises two hundred and thirty-eight feet above the level of the Hudson, the Americans had built a five-sided earthwork and called it Fort Washington. The fort mounted thirty-four cannon, but without casemates. The ground about it was well suited for defense, and was occupied by smaller works of no great strength. The whole formed a barrier across the upper end of Manhattan Island, preventing the English from
- ↑ Washington, vol. iv. p. 113.
