pedition to Brazil. He was an acknowledged authority in his field of research, and published A New Trilobite: Ceratocephala Ceralepta (1838), Descriptions of Three New Species of Shells (1839), Descriptions of New Species of American Fluviate Gasteropods (1861), Descriptions of New American Fresh-Water Shells (1866), and other works.
ANTHONY DE DOM'INIS. See Dominis.
ANTHONY, St. See Antony, St.
ANTHONY, St., Cross of, or the Tau Cross. A cross, shaped like the letter T. In heraldry the name denotes an ordinary cross consisting of two stripes, one horizontal, the other vertical, crossing each other in the centre of the escutcheon.
ANTHONY, St., Fire of. The Rev. Alban Butler, in his Lives of the Saints, gives the following account of the origin of this name: "In 1089, a pestilential erysipelatous distemper, called the sacred fire, swept off great numbers in most provinces of France; public prayers and processions were ordered against this scourge. At length, it pleased God to grant to many miraculous cures of the dreadful distemper to those who implored his mercy through the intercession of St. Anthony, especially before his relics; the church (of La Motte St. Didier, near Vienne, in Dauphiné) in which they were deposited was resorted to by great numbers of pilgrims, and his patronage was implored over the whole kingdom against this disease." The "Order of Canons Regular of St. Anthony," a religious fraternity, founded about 1090, for the relief of persons afflicted with the fire of St. Anthony, survived in France till 1790.
ANTHONY, Susan Brownell (1820—). An
American reformer. She was born in Adams, Mass., the daughter of a Quaker. She taught school from the age of fifteen to thirty; was active in the total abstinence and anti-slavery movements, and since the Civil War has devoted herself entirely to the woman suffrage movement.
She founded (1868) and for three years published The Revolution, a woman's rights paper. She was arrested, tried, and fined for voting at the election of 1872. She is an eloquent speaker, has lectured extensively in England and throughout the United States, has taken part in many State campaigns, and appeared before many Congressional committees. She has contributed to leading magazines and (with Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Mrs. Matilda Joslyn Gage) published an extensive History of Woman Suffrage (3 volumes, New York, 1881-87). For her life, consult Harper, Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony (2 volumes, Indianapolis,1898).
ANTHONY, William Arnold (1835—). An American physicist. He was born at Coventry, R. I., graduated at the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, and was professor of physics and chemistry in Antioch College (Ohio) from 1867 to 1869. From 1869 to 1872 he was professor of physics at the Iowa Agricultural College, and from 1872 to 1887 professor of physics at Cornell University. In 1887 he became a consulting electrician. He has contributed a chapter to E. A. Thompson's Roentqen Rays and Phenomena of the Anode and Cathode (New York, 1896), and (with C. F. Brackett) has written a Manual of Physics.
ANTHONY OF BOUR'BON. See Antoine de Bourbon.
ANTHONY'S NOSE. A projecting bluff on the Hudson south of West Point, said to have been named after a trumpeter of Governor Stuyvesant's.
ANTHOPH'YLLITE. A magnesium iron silicate that crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, and is included in the amphibole group of minerals. It has a vitreous lustre, and occurs in various shades of brown and green. This mineral is found in Norway, Moravia, and near Franklin, N. C., in the United States. It is named from anthophyllum, signifying clove, in allusion to the brown color of the original variety described.
AN'THOXAN'THUM. See Sweet Vernal Grass.
AN'THOZO'A (Gk. άνθος, anthos, flower + ζώα, zōon, animal), or Actinozoa. An order of cœlenterates, characterized by their polyp-like form. It contains the sea-anemones and all the corals except millepores. See Cœlenterata; Corals, and Sea-Anemones.
AN'THRACENE (Gk. ἄνθραξ, anthrax, coal). An organic substance composed of carbon and hydrogen, and obtained from coal-tar. The production of anthracene has been of great commercial importance since the discovery of the processes by which it is converted on a large scale in the valuable alizarin dyes. (See Alizarin.) The portion of coal-tar passing, during its distillation, above 270° C., contains a considerable amount of anthracene; when this portion is cooled, a mass of crystals is deposited, which is separated from the liquid oil by pressure and purified by digesting with the naphtha obtained from another fraction of the coal-tar, namely, the so-called light oil, which passes below 170° C. The product somewhat purified in this manner is brought into commerce under the name of "50 percent, anthracene," and is employed in the manufacture of alizarin. To isolate pure anthracene from this product, it is distilled with potash, and the distillate is treated with carbon disulphide, in which anthracene is nearly insoluble; the remaining trace of impurities may then be eliminated by recrystallization from hot benzene. Pure anthracene is a colorless crystalline substance melting at 213° C. and boiling at 360° C.; it is insoluble in water, and but sparingly soluble in alcohol. Graebe and Liebermann obtained it from the coloring matter of madder, and then, by reversing the process, artificially prepared that coloring matter (alizarin) from anthracene. The chemical constitution of anthracene is represented by the formula:
H(?slXCNl/Cl/CH CH CH CH
Consult Gnehm's Die Anthracenfarhstoffe (Brunswick, 1897).
AN'THRACITE (Gk. ἀνθρακίτης, anthrakitēs, from ἄνθραξ, anthrax, coal). A term used to designate the highest grade of coal, or that having the highest percentage of fixed carbon, and
