was derived solely from the Crown ; consequent- ly, when the King, the source of authority, was present, that whieli was delegated ceased. Ac- knowledging such a principle, the Parlement was logically incapable of resisting any demand that the King in a bed of justice might make, and decrees promulgated during a sitting of this kind were held to be of more authority than ordinary decisions of the Parlement. Monarehs were not slow to take advantage of this power to overawe any Parlement that exhibited signs of inde])endenee. The last bed of justice was held by Louis XVI. at Versailles, August 6, 1787.
BEDOS DE CELLES, bedfls' de sel, Dom
Fr.vxc^'OIS (170(!-7!I). A French organ-builder
and author, born at Caux, near Beziers. He
was a Benedictine of the congregation of Saint
Maur. and a, correspondent of the Paris Acad-
emy of Sciences. One of the most skillful
organ-builders of his time, he wrote an excellent
treatise on L'art du facteur d'orpiies (4 vols.,
folio, 1760-78, with numerous engravings). He
published also (inomonique pratique (1774), in
exposition of the principles involved in the
drawing of solar dials. The former work has by
some wrongly been attributed to one Jean Fran-
cois Monniot (died 1797), a Benedictine of Saint
Germain des Pr&s.
BEDOTT', Widow. The pen name of the
author of the ^VidoH^ Bedott Papers, Mrs. Fran-
ces Miriam Whitcher.
BEDOUIN, bed'oo-en or -in (Ar. Bedwi, BadunU jd. Badiv'in, those of the desert). Atypical nomadic people, still found in their purity in the deserts of Central Arabia, where, in language, social life, and religion (outside of their profession of Islam), they retain much of primitive Semitism. They have also wandered over northern and northeastern Africa, northward to the Caucasus, and eastward beyond the borders of Persia, the niral and semi-urban conditions of parts of all these countries moditying not a little their desert-born peculiarities. Through the
Berbers and Jloors, with whom they have mixed,
the Bedouin have had an influence upon Spain and southern France, which, in the case of the latter country, is made much of sociologically by Desnioulins in his Les Francois d'aujourd'hui (Paris, 18!IS). In these migrations, much intermixture with other peoples has occurred. Their independence, spirit of liberty, sense of hospitality, restlessness, etc., all find expression in a rich fund of song and story where the dreamy and exaggerative imagination of the race has full play. Among the desert Arabs the Mufachara, or tribal song-duel, a sort of primitive arbitration court, was developed. The contrast and interrelations of desert and oasis, and the vicissitudes of migratory life, are reflected in the social and domestic institutions of the Bedouin. The worst side of their character, the love for pillage and destruction, evidenced from the earliest times, has gained them an unenviable reputation the world over as robbers par exceJleiwe. (See Semite-s.) Since Burckhardt, Notes on Bedouins and Wahabys (London, 1830), may be men-
tioned Blunt, Bedmiin Tribes of the Euphra-
tes (London, 1879), and the general works ou
Arabia.
BEDREDDIN HASSAN, bed'red-den' hiis'-
s4n. The hero of a humorous tale in the Ara-
bian Nights. He is the handsome son of Noured-
din Ali and the husband of the (jueen of Beauty.
Spirited away from his family by a genius, he be-
comes a pastry cook, but is reunited with his
wife and son, through the agency of a cream-
tart.
BED'SORE'. A sore on the hip, back, heel,
etc., often a very troublesome complication of
disease, to which a patient is liable when for a
long time confined to bed, and is either unable
or is not allowed to change his position. Bed-
sores are due to lowered nerve energj' and pres-
sure. Thus they are liable to occur in cases of
continued fever, or any other prolonged debili-
tating disorder, in paralysis, and in cases of
fractvire. The skin, at certain projecting bony
parts, chiefly about the region of the buttocks,
or on the heel, is apt to inflame, ulcerate, and
slough, from the continued pressure, especially
if the patient is not kept perfectly clean — as,
for example, when the evacuations and urine
escape involuntarily. In a few of the cases the
patient complains of a sense of discomfort at
the parts. In all cases of prolonged supine posi-
tion, the parts naturally pressed upon by the
weight of the body should be carefully e.xamined
every day. When a long confinement in bed is
expected, attempts should be made to thicken
the cuticle, and enable it to bear pressure better,
by gently sponging the skin with a stimulant
such as alcohol, and the patient should be put
on an air-bed or a water-bed (q.v. ). If the part,
when first seen, looks red and rough, further
damage is often prevented by covering it with a
piece of zinc-o.xide plaster and at once remov-
ing local pressure by air-cushions specially con-
structed for cases of this kind. If the case is
one in which it is admissible, the patient should
be made to alter his position frequently. Ex-
coriations should be treated like any ulcers, with
balsam of Peru, or iodoform and bismuth, or
strapping with adhesive plaster.
BED'STRAW (GaUiim). A genus of plants belonging to the natural order Rubiacese, and distinguished by a small wheel-shaped calyx and a dry two-lobed fruit, each lobe containing a single seed. The leaves are whorled, and the flowers minute; but in many of the species the panicles are so large and many-flowered that they ornament the banks and other situations in which they grow. The species are very numerous, natives chiefly of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere, or of mountainous regions within or near the tropics. About 200 species are known, some of them very common weeds. Among these is the yellow bedstraw (Galium
verum) — sometimes called Cheese Rennet, because it has the property of curdling milk, and is used for that purpose — a small plant with linear deflexed leaves and dense panicles of bright yellow flowers, very abundant on dry banks. The flowering tops, boiled in alum, afford a dye of a bright yellow color, much used
in Iceland: and the Highlanders of Scotland have long been accustomed to employ the roots, and especially the bark of them, for dyeing yarn red. They are said to yield a red color fully equal to that of madder, and the cultivation of the plant has been attempted in England. The roots of other species of the same genus possess similar properties, as those of Galium trifidum, a species abundant in low, marshy grounds in
