courts in important cases in both America and England have been published.
BENJAMIN, Marcus (1857—). An Ameri-
can chemist and editor. He was born in San
Francisco, Cal. He graduated from the School
of Mines, Columbia College, in 1878 ; became
editor of the American Phtirmacist, and later of
the ^Yecldy Drufj Sews, and in 1883 was ap-
pointed chemist to the United States laboratory
of the Appraiser's stores at New York. From
]So4 to 1880 he was lecturer on chemistry at
the New York Woman's Hospital Medical Col-
lege, and in 1889 the degree of Ph.D. was con-
ferred upon him by the University of Nashville.
Since 1S9G he has been editor to the United
States National Museum in Washington. He
is a member of numerous scientific and patriotic
societies in this country, a life fellow of the
London Chemical Society, etc. Dr. Benjamin's
pulilications include articles on "Mineral Paints"
in the volumes of the Mineral Resources of the
United States for 1883-80 (published by the
United States Geological Survey), and contribu-
tions to various works of reference.
BENJAMIN, Park (1809-64). An Ameri-
can journalist and poet. He was born in Brit-
ish Guiana, August 14, 1809, but was early sent
to New England, where he became a graduate of
Trinity College. He practiced law in Boston,
but preferred editorial work theie, and later
in New York. In 1840 he helped to found The
yew World, and after other brief editorial ven-
tures became a lecturer, public reader, and
periodical writer, prominent in New York liter-
ary circles. He is now known only through his
shorter poems, of which "The Old Sexton" is a
favorite of the anthologist.
BENJAMIN, Park (1849—). An Ameri-
can patent-lawyer and riter. He was born in
New York City, graduated at the United States
Naval Academy in 1807, resigned from the navy
in 1809, and graduated at the Albany Law School
in the following year. He was associate editor of
The Seicntific American from 1872 to 1878, and
subsequently edited Appleton's Cyclopccdia of
Applied Mechanics and Cyclopeedia of Modern
Mechanism. Besides numerous magazine arti-
cles dealing for the most part with scientific
subjects, he has publislied: Shakings or Etch-
ini/s from the United States Naval Academy
(1807); Wrinkles and liecipes (1875); The
End of NeiD York (1881); The Aqe of Elec-
tricity (1880); The Voltaic Cell (1892); The
History of Electricity (1895); a History of
the United States Naval Academy (1900).
BENJAMIN, Samuel Greek Wheeler (1837
— ). An American author and artist. He was
born at Argos, Greece, studied at the English
College in Smyrna, and in 1859 graduated at
Williams College. He was assistant librarian in
the New York State Library in 1801-04, served
in hospitals, studied law, and for several years
art. and wns United States ^Minister to Persia in
1883-85. He frequently contributed to periodical
literature, and is the author of Art in America
(1879) ; Troll : Its Lcfiend, History, Literature
(1881); A Group of Etchers (1882); Persia
and the Persians (1880); and sevei-al other
works. He is also known as an illustrator and
marine painter.
BENJAMIN - CONSTANT, biiN'zha'maN'
koN'sttiN', Jean Joseph. See Constant.
BEN JOCHANAN, bOn jo-ka'nan. A char-
acter in Dryden and Tate's Ahsalom and Achi-
tophel, representing the Rev. Sanuiel Johnson.
He is described in the second part of tiie poem,
lines 3.51-354.
BEN'KELMAN. A village and county-seat
of Dundy County, Nebraska, in the southwestern
part of the State; on the Republican River, and
on the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad
(Map: Nebraska, C 3). Agriculture and stock-
raising are the principal industries. Population,
in 1890, 357; in 1900, 290.
BENKERT, ben'kert, Kakl Maria. See
Kektbicny. Karl JIaria.
BENKULEN, or BENCOOLEN (Dutch,
Bcnkoelcn ) , ben-koTi'lcn. A picturesque little
town, and the capital of the residency of the
same name, on the western coast of Sumatra,
situated in latitude 3° 48' S. and longitude 102°
10' E. (Map: East Indies, B 5). During the
occupation of the British, by whom it was
founded in 1086, it rose to some eminence as a
commercial place. It was ceded to the Dutch in
1825, and has since then gradually lost its com-
mercial importance. Population about 7000.
BEN LED'I. A mountain of Perthshire,
Scotland, 4 miles west-northwest of Callander,
with an elevation of 2875 feet (Map: Scotland,
D 3). It received its name from the Druids,
who celebrated the Beltane mysteries on its
summit — the Gaelic words Beinn le Dia signify-
ing 'hill of God.' This mountain is celebrated in
Scott's Lady of the Lake.
BEN LO'MOND (Gael, ben, mountain -f lake
Lomond). A mountain in the north .vest of Stir-
lingshire, Scotland, on the east side of Loch
Lomond, 27 miles west-northwest of Stirling-
(Map: Scotland, D 3). It forms the south-
ern extremity of the Grampians or Central Scot-
tish Highlands, is 3192 feet high, and consists
of mica slate, with veins of quartz, green-
stone, and feldspar porphyry. From the sum-
mit a sheer precipice of 2000 feet descends on the
north side, and a gentle declivity on the south-
east; it is covered with vegetation to the top,
and is much frequented by tourists. It is the
source of Duchray Vater, one of the feeders of
the Forth. The view from the sunuuit, in clear
weather, takes in Loch Lomond, with its diversi-
fied isles, the rich plains of Stirlingshire and the
Lothians, the windings of the Forth, the castles
of Stirling and Edinburgh, the heights of Lanark-
shire, the vales of Renfrewshire, Ayrshire, Firth
of Clyde, isles of .rran and Bute, the Irish coast,
Kintyre, and the Atlantic. The northern horizon
is bounded by Ben Lawers, Vorlieh, Ledi, Crua-
chan, and Nevis, while some of the beautiful
Perthshire lochs are seen.
BEN MACDHUI, nuik-dijlo'e (Gael. Beinn-na-mue-dnhh. the mountain of the black sow). A mountain on the border of southwestern Aberdeenshire and Bantl'shire, Scotland, one of the Cairngorms, and, after Ben Nevis, the loftiest in the country (Map: Scotland, E 2). Height, 4290 feet.
BEN'MOKE' HEAD. See Fairhead.
BENN'DORF, Otto (1838—). A German archa-ologist. He was born at Greiz, studied philology- at Erlangen and Bonn (1857-62), and traveled in Italy and Greece (1864-68), largely at the expense of the German Arehasological
